Akungabazeki ukuthi impucuko yaseMesopotamiya inikele emasikweni omhlaba ngendlela ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, ngezansi sizobuyekeza yonke iminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yabantu baseMesopotamia.
Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya
Ngaphambi kokungena ngokugcwele ngesiko laseMesopotamiya, sizokwenza isifinyezo esisheshayo sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zempucuko yaseMesopotamiya.
IMesopotamiya isho ngesiGreki Phakathi kwemifula ukwenza ireferensi ecacile yendawo yayo phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, okwamanje ehambelana nendawo yase-Iraq nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSyria. Ngenxa yobuningi bamanzi ngaleso sikhathi obuvela emifuleni ezungeze isifunda, NgokweBhayibheli, kwakukhona iPharadesi elitholakala ngenxa yengcebo enkulu yemvelo eyanikela ngayo.
Lalihlukaniswe laba yi-Asiriya neBabiloni. Ngaphakathi kweBabiloni sithola i-Acadia neSumeria. Isifunda ngasinye savela ngokuhlukile, ekugcineni ukuhlaselwa futhi kamuva kubuswe amaPheresiya. Isiko laseMesopotamia lalingenye yamaphayona emagatsheni amaningi olwazi athuthukisa ukubhala, imithetho yokuqala emkhakheni wezomthetho, ikhalenda lezinyanga eziyi-12 nezinsuku ezingama-360, isondo, imali, uhlelo lokuposa, izinto ezibalulekile ezisunguliwe...
Isiko laseMesopotamiya
Ukubhala
Ukwenziwa kokubhalwa kuthiwe kwabaseSumeriya cishe ngonyaka we-3.100 BC, kube ngumsuka wokubhalwa kohlobo lwe-pictographic, kamuva kudlulela ku-idiogram ngenxa yobunzima bokudweba imiqondo ababefuna ukuyimela. I-idiogram yenza ukutolika kwemidwebo kube lula.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ama-idiograms angena esikhundleni sezimpawu ngebhari noma ubujamo bezinzipho obumele imisindo. Le nqubo yokwenza lula yangenxa yokuthi iMesopotamiya kwakungeyona indawo enothile ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ngakho-ke ayeswele amatshe kodwa ayecebile ngobumba, okwathi kamuva kwaveza isitini. Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform kwakwenziwa kubumba, lapho kwakusemanzi, ukuze kamuva likomise futhi likushise ngezinye izitini, kwakheka imibhalo ebanzi.
Ikhalenda
Ikhalenda laseMesopotamiya kwakungelinye lamakhalenda okuqala esintu. Izazi zezinkanyezi zaseSumeriya zaba ezokuqala ukulawula ikhalenda lasendulo. Izinyanga zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaviki amane ezinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngayinye, ngokwezigaba zenyanga, kushiya izinsuku ezimbili zokugcina zenyanga ngayinye zingaphandle, yingakho-ke izinyanga eziyi-12, ikhalenda yezinsuku ezingama-360.
Izinsuku zesonto zaqanjwa ngegama la Inyanga, iLanga namaplanethi amahlanu okwaziwa kuze kube manje ngabaseSumeriya: iMars, iMercury, iJupiter, iVenus neSaturn. Lawa magama avele ngezilimi ezahlukahlukene ngendlela efanayo.
Imali
Ngaphambi kokuvela kohlamvu lwemali, ukuhwebelana kwakuyindlela esetshenziswa ngabantu ukushintsha imikhiqizo isuka esandleni, lapho omunye ayeshintshana ngalokho angakudingi ngokunye kunokuthi uma akudinga. Ukuhwebelana kwagcinwa isikhathi eside kepha ukukhula kwemisebenzi yezentengiso kukhombisile ukuthi lolu hlelo alusebenzi ngakho-ke ukuzalwa kwemali.
Empucukweni yaseMesopotamiya baqala ukusebenzisa njengezimpahla eziphakathi ukushintshana imigoqo yegolide, isiliva, ithusi, insimbi nethusi, kodwa ezimbili zokuqala zazinenzuzo ngaphezu kokunye ngenxa yokushoda kwazo okwazenza zabaluleka kakhulu. Kancane kancane izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala zaqala ukubonakala zenza lula ukuqoqwa kwentela ngokufaka izinkomo, ukolweni esikhundleni sezinhlamvu zemali.
Isondo
Impucuko yamanje ibingaqondakali ngaphandle kwesondo. Ucezu lomshini wesimo esiyindilinga futhi oluzungeza i-eksisi u isisekelo esiyisisekelo kunoma imuphi umshini, ezimotweni ezisemhlabeni nakubumba, yize ama-Inca nama-Aztec enza kahle ngaphandle kwabo. Ubufakazi bokuqala besondo butholakale kwi-pictogram yaseSumerian, yango-3500 BC. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kokuqala okwanikezwa isondo kwakungukwenza izinqola zezinto ezidonswe ngezinkabi, ukuthutha izimpahla noma abantu, kanye nezingodo zokwenza izinto zobumba ngejubane nangokunemba okukhulu.
Igeja
Njengoba kunikezwe amanzi amaningi eMesopotamia, ezolimo kwakuwumsebenzi ovame kakhulu. Ukuzama ukwenza umsebenzi we susa inhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, abantu baseMesopotamiya kanye nempucuko yaseMesopotamiya basungula futhi baphelelisa igeja, babecabanga ukuvela kwepiki negeja, elalidonswa ngabantu ekuqaleni kodwa kamuva kwakuyizilwane ezinjengezinkabi noma iminyuzi, ezaziphethe ukudonsa igeja.
Amageja ayenziwe ngokhuni kuphela ngocezu olulodwa olunomumo ofana kakhulu nowamanje, kodwa kwaze kwafika amaRoma, amakhuba engazange afake izindwani zensimbi ukuze zikwazi ukungena zijule emhlabeni.
Insimbi
Yize kuliqiniso ukuthi insimbi yensimbi yazalwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, kwakuseMesopotamiya lapho ithusi nethusi nethusi kwaqala ukusetshenziswa khona kaningi ukwenza ubhedu. Kokubili ithusi nethusi kwahlala eMesopotamiya kwaze kwaba ekugcineni ithusi laphela ngokunqoba.
EMesopotamia ungakuthola imisebenzi emithathu ehlobene nokusansimbi: the qurqurru Wayephethe ukuthola insimbi kumaminerali. I- naphahu noma i-smelter, ephethe ukukhiqiza izingxenye zensimbi ngezinto ezitholwe kumaminerali. Futhi ekugcineni sithola isibalo se- ukuthimu ophethe ukwenza izingcezu ngezinsimbi eziyigugu.
Isistimu yezocansi
Uhlelo lwe-sexagesimal uhlelo lwesimo sokubala izinombolo olusebenzisa inombolo engu-60 njengesisekelo sayo sezibalo, esenza kube lula ukubalwa ngezingxenyana. Inombolo 60 inethuba lokuba nabahlukanisi abaningi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 no-60). Uhlelo lwe-sexagesimal esetshenziselwa ukukala izikhathi nama-engeli.
Ikhodi yokuqala yemithetho
UHammurabi wayeyinkosi yesithupha yaseBabiloni futhi waziwa kakhulu ngokumiswa kwekhodi entsha yemithetho: ikhodi yaseHammurabi eyaba ngomunye wemithetho yokuqala ebhaliwe emlandweni. Ikhodi kaHammurabi iqukethe Imithetho engama-282 ebhalwe ezibhebheni eziyishumi nambili ezibhalwe ngesi-Akkadian ukuze ifundwe yinoma yimuphi umuntu ofundile. Le mithetho yayinikeza isijeziso sokwephula umthetho ngamunye, izijeziso ezinzima kakhulu njengesijeziso sokufa, iso ngeso, ukukhubazeka ...
Kodwa ngokungafani nezijeziso ezinzima, kwakuyikhodi yokuqala yemithetho eyanikeza inkosi ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi bokufakazela ukuthi wayengenacala yini kulokho asolwa ngakho. Ngimsulwa noma nginecala, kwakungekho ndawo ephakathi nendawo. Amanye amasiko aseMesopotamiya adala amakhodi abo emithetho afana ne-UrNammu, Esnunna, Lipit-Istar noma amaHeti.
Izakhiwo
Njengoba ngishilo ngenhla, ukungabi bikho kwendawo enamadwala, itshe laliyimpahla engandile, okwathi ngenkani ukusebenzisa udaka, ukwenza izitini, ukukwazi ukwakha izindonga ezijiyile ngokungavuleki lutho, zibe yizakhiwo ezingamelana, ezisindayo nezingafani. Izinkuni nazo zaziyinto eyivelakancane esifundeni, ngakho-ke nayo yayingasetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa. Ubulula izitini ezazingasetshenziswa ekwakheni benza lula ukusetshenziswa kwalo mkhiqizo ekwakheni amathempeli, izigodlo, izindonga namathuna.
Isici isici esiningi samathempeli aseMesopotamiya yiZiggurat, umbhoshongo oyisikwele onezitezi eziningana ezinezitezi ngaphezulu okuyindawo engcwele. Ikhona ngalinye lombhoshongo liqondiswe emaphoyiseni amane okhadinali futhi izitezi ezahlukahlukene zitholakala ngezitebhisi noma ngezitebhisi ezisezinhlangothini. Izinto ezifana nemabula, i-alabhasta, igolide nomsedari zisetshenziselwa ukwenza lezi zakhiwo.
Ukunisela
Njengoba sizungezwe imifula emibili, ezolimo eMesopotamia bezingenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuthola izimpahla. Ngenhla sesivele siphawule ukuthi omunye weminikelo yesiko lamanje laseMesopotamiya kwakuyigeja lokusiza ukusebenza ensimini. Kepha ngaphezu kwegeja, okunye ukuqhubeka okubalulekile kwaleli siko kwakungukuNisela, okwaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ukuchelela, okuqukethe nikeza ngamanzi adingekayo ukuze isivuno sithole amanzi anele futhi alawulwayo lokho kuthanda ukukhula kwabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa imisele emincane yokuhambisa amanzi emfuleni ayiyise emasimini.
Ukufundwa kwezinkanyezi nokufundwa kwezinkanyezi
Amakhosi ase-Asiriya ayezungezwe abapristi nabahlola imihlola bechaza amaphupho namabika ngokususelwa ekubhekweni kwezinkanyezi. Lawa makhosi ayengatshela ababhula ngezinkanyezi izinsuku ezifanele ukuqala amaphrojekthi abalulekile njengokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezingcwele, ukuqala izimpi ... futhi kunembile impela ezibikezelweni zabo.
Abapristi babala ubude bezinsuku nobusuku, ukuphuma nokushona kwelanga, ngaleyo ndlela bakwazile ukudala ikhalenda yokuqala, esikhulume ngayo ngenhla, esingabikezela ngayo ukusitheka kwelanga okuzayo. Lezi zibikezelo zazincike lapho inyanga yayimi khona esibhakabhakeni kodwa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubonakala kwenhlamvu yokuqala ekuqaleni kwenyanga ngayinye. Lezi zibikezelo azizange zisetshenziswe kubantu ngabanye kepha zazisetshenziselwa ukubikezela ikusasa lezitshalo, izimpi noma izifo eziwumshayabhuqe.