Insimu eyaziwa namuhla njengeMpumalanga Ephakathi, phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, yayihlala enye yezimpucuko eziphambili kakhulu zesikhathi sayo: impucuko EMesopotamiya.
Ngenxa yabo, njengamanje singajabulela uchungechunge lwezinto ezisivumela ukuthi senze imisebenzi yethu kalula. Ake sazi ukuthi yini i- Ukuqanjwa okubalulekile kweMesopotamia.
Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesine BC. C. abaseSumeriya baqala ukubhala ulimi lwabo besebenzisa imifanekiso yezithombe, okwakuyizimpawu ezazimela amagama nezinto. Cishe ngama-2600 a. C. izimpawu zase zivele zehlukile kwi-ideogram yasekuqaleni, kwathi ekupheleni kweminyaka eyinkulungwane, zahluka.
Lo mbhalo esetshenziswa ezibhebheni ezimanzi zobumba, ngokusebenzisa isiqu semifino esenziwe ngesigaxa esimile okwembenge, okuyilapho igama livela khona. Yamukelwa ngezilimi eziningana, njenge-Akkadian, Elamite noma Hittite, futhi yafaka nezinhlamvu zamagama asePheresiya nase-Ugaritic yasendulo.
Ekuqaleni, i-cuneiform yayingakulungele ukubhala imiqondo engaqondakali. Ngakho-ke, ngiqale ukusebenzisa ezinye izimpawu ezinenani lefonotiki yohlu lwamagama. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, noma kunjalo, kwakhiwa ikhophi yesilabhasi, eyasetshenziselwa ukuchaza lemiqondo engaqondakali ngaphambili eyayingakwazi. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukubhala nge-cuneiform kwakungenye yezinto ezinkulu ezaqanjwa ngamasiko aseMesopotamiya.
Moneda
Yize sivame ukucabanga ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali luyisiqeshana sesimanje noma esingaphansi, empeleni ezokuqala ezanyatheliswa zivela ngekhulu le-VII-VI BC. C. kanye nekhulu lokuqala d. C.Ngamanye amagama, isintu besikhokha ngezinhlamvu zemali okungenani amashumi amabili eminyaka.
Zadalelwaphi? Ngokwesazi-mlando saseMelika uWill Durant, inkosi yase-Asiriya iSencherib waqamba owokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho, izimali zanda kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile.
IRueda, enye yezinto ezisungulwe kakhulu
Okunye kokusungulwa okubalulekile kweMesopotamia isondo. Iqukethe ingxenye eyindilinga ezungeza i-eksisi. Ilula kakhulu, kepha ilusizo olukhulu. Ubufakazi balokhu yizimoto ezisivumela ukuthi sihambe amakhilomitha amaningi, izinqola zokuthenga esingazigcwalisa ngokuphelele ngaphandle komhlane wethu, noma ngamabhayisikili sibonga lapho sizwa khona umoya omusha ebusweni bethu ngenkathi siphuza. ukuhamba noma ukuzivocavoca umzimba.
Kanjalo. Lokhu konke singakwenza ngenxa yabakhileyo eMesopotamiya, abasungule yona bezungeze i- 2500 BC C.
Izibalo kanye nohlelo lwe-sexagesimal
Impucuko yaseSumeriya yazihlukanisa ngokushesha nezinye ngokuthuthuka kwayo kwezibalo, zombili ngezibalo kanye ne-algebra. Ochwepheshe bezibalo bangaleso sikhathi benze i- amatafula wokubuyabuyelela, ukwahlukaniswa, izimpande eziyisikwele y cubic, futhi waqala xazulula izibalo ze-algebra.
Bathuthukise i- uhlelo lwe-sexagesimal, ngokususelwa kunombolo 60, ngakho-ke bakwazi ukuhlukanisa isibhakabhaka ngama-degree angama-360, amahora abe yimizuzu engama-60, nemizuzu ibe yimizuzwana engama-60.
Izinkanyezi
Yize namuhla kubhekwa njengesayensi mbumbulu, ngempucuko yaseMesopotamiya kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Babedinga ukuziqondisa esibhakabhakeni, ngakho-ke zihlobanise ezinye izinkanyezi eziseduze ngamaqembu. Ngakho-ke, basungula izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu, njengoLeo, Taurus, Scorpio noCapricorn.
Indlela ehleleke ngokwengeziwe ichazwe kumathebulethi kaMul Apin, avela ezikhathini zase-Asiriya, cishe ngonyaka we-1000 BC. C. Kuzo izinkanyezi nemilaza zihlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amathathu achazwe kahle ahlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu abathathu: Enlil, unkulunkulu womoya; Anu, unkulunkulu weZulu; no-Ea, unkulunkulu wamanzi ahlanzekile.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi
Lapho sebenemibono yokuqala yokufundwa kwezinkanyezi, bangaqala ukuziqondisa kangcono esibhakabhakeni, ukuze kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqale ukutadisha izinkanyezi, nazo zonke izinto zesibhakabhaka ezibonakala eMhlabeni.
Ikhalenda, okunye kokusungulwa okubalulekile
EMesopotamia, omunye wabokuqala - abanye bacabanga ukuthi kwakungokokuqala - kwenziwa ikhalenda, maqondana nonyaka 4000 a. C. Izinyanga bezinamaviki amane ezinsuku eziyisikhombisa, nezinsuku ezimbili zokugcina zenyanga ngayinye zingabaliwe.
Umkhumbi neseyili
Ukuba phakathi kwemifula emibili, bekungenakugwemeka ukuthi bafuna ukukwazi ukuyihambisa, bathuthe ukudla noma ezinye izinto ezindaweni ezihlukene zensimu ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, bakha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezikebhe zokhuni, abazinika amagama, njengomkhumbi osolwandle, abawubiza ngokuthi gufa.
Igeja
Ukuze uthole isivuno esingcono, kubalulekile ukulungisa umhlaba kuqala. Ngalesi sizathu, utshani basendle obukhula ngaleso sikhathi kumele bususwe, futhi kuvulwe imisele ukuze kuhlwanyele imbewu. Uma unezilwane, ezifana namahhashi noma izinkabi, umsebenzi uwukuthi kulula kakhulu futhi awukhathali kangako.
EMesopotamia kwakhiwa igeja, cishe ngama-3500 BC C., ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ezolimo ukuba zithuthuke ngokushesha, okokuqala eMiddle East, bese kuba kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Insimbi
Umuntu ubelokhu esebenza ngethusi kusukela ku-Neolithic Age, njengoba kuyiminerali etholakala esimweni esicishe sibe msulwa. Noma kunjalo, kwakungekho maqondana maphakathi neminyaka eyi-III yeminyaka eyi-BC. C., eMesopotamia, lapho kwachuma khona insimbiNjengoba izindlela zokuqala zokwakha nokuthola insimbi kumaminerali we-metalliferous zavela.
Cishe ngo-1200-1000 a. C., ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi kwafakwa. Yize kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthola futhi intengo yayiphezulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakukhawulelwe emkhakheni wezempi.
Njengoba ubona, iMesopotamiya kwakuyimpucuko eyayithuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. Ubuwazi ukuthi yabo izinto ezibalulekile ezisunguliwe?