Hapana mubvunzo kuti budiriro yeMesopotamiya yakabatsira kutsika dzepasi rose nenzira yakasarudzika. Naizvozvo, pazasi tichaongorora zvese zvakakosha zvipo zvevanhu veMesopotamia.
Mesopotamiya Kubudirira
Tisati tapinda zvakazara netsika yeMesopotamiya, tichaita pfupiso nekukurumidza yezvinonyanya kuratidza zveMesopotamiya budiriro
Mesopotamia zvinoreva muchiGiriki Pakati penzizi kuita chirevo chakajeka kunzvimbo yayo pakati penzizi dzeTigirisi neYufratesi, iyo parizvino inoenderana nenharaunda yeIraq nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSyria. Kutenda kuwanda kwemvura panguva iyoyo kubva kunzizi dzakatenderedza dunhu, Zvinoenderana neBhaibheri, kwaive neParadhiso nekuda kwehupfumi hukuru hwepanyama iyo yavakapa.
Yakakamurwa kuva Asiria neBhabhironi. Mukati meBhabhironi tinowana Acadia neSumeria. Dunhu rega rega rakashanduka zvakasiyana, kuti pakupedzisira vapindirwe uye gare gare vatongwe nevaPersia. Tsika yeMesopotamia yaive imwe yemapiyona mumatavi mazhinji eruzivo achivandudza kunyora, mitemo yekutanga mumunda wezvemutemo, 12-mwedzi uye nemazuva mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu, karenda, mari, hurongwa hwekuposita, zvigadzirwa zvakakosha...
Tsika yeMesopotamiya
Kunyora
Kugadzirwa kwekunyora kunofungidzirwa kuvaSumerians kutenderedza 3.100 BC, achive iwo mavambo epictographic mhando yekunyora, achizopfuudza kune iyo idiogram nekuda kwekunetseka kwekudhirowa iwo mazano avanoda kumiririra. Iyo idiogram yakaita kuti kududzirwa kwemifananidzo kuve nyore.
Nenguva madhimoni akapa zviratidzo ne wedge kana zvipikiri maumbirwo aimiririra manzwi. Maitiro ekurerutsa aya aikonzerwa nekuti Mesopotamia yanga isiri nyika yakapfuma munzvimbo dzine matombo, saka pakanga paine kushomeka kwematombo asi kwaive kwakazara ivhu, iro rakazopa zvitina. Kunyorwa kweCuneiform kwaiitwa paivhu, apo rakanga richiri rakanyorova, kuti gare gare riite kuti riome uye ripise nemimwe zvidhinha, vachigadzira zvinyorwa zvakapamhama.
Karenda yacho
Karenda yeMesopotamiya yaive imwe yekendendende dzekutanga dzevanhu. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeSumerian ndidzo dzakatanga kudzora karenda yekare. Mwedzi yacho yakakamurwa kuita mavhiki mana emazuva manomwe rimwe nerimwe, zvichienderana nezvikamu zvemwedzi, zvichisiya mazuva maviri ekupedzisira emwedzi wega wega kunze, nekudaro iyo gumi nemaviri-mwedzi, mazana matatu nemakumi matatu ezuva.
Mazuva evhiki akatumidzwa zita la Mwedzi, Zuva uye mapuraneti mashanu ayo kusvikira zvino ave kuzivikanwa nemaSumerian: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus naSaturn. Aya mazita akashanduka mumitauro yakasiyana nenzira yakafanana.
Mari
Pamberi pekuonekwa kwemari, kuchinjanisa yaive nzira yaishandiswa nevanhu kushandura zvigadzirwa kubva muruoko kuenda kuruoko, umo mumwe aichinjana zvaasina kuda kune chimwe chinhu kunze kwekunge achichida. Barter yakachengetedzwa kwenguva yakareba asi kukura kwezvekutengeserana kwakaratidza kuti ino sisitimu yaisashanda uye nekudaro kuberekwa kwemari.
MuMesopotamiya budiriro ivo vakatanga kushandisa sezvinhu zvepakati kuchinjana mabhawa egoridhe, sirivheri, mhangura, simbi nendarira, asi maviri ekutanga aive nezvakanakira pamusoro pevamwe nekuda kwekushomeka kwavo izvo zvakaita kuti vakoshe. Zvishoma nezvishoma mari yekutanga yakatanga kuonekera kurerutsa kuunganidzwa kwemitero nekutsiva mombe, gorosi ... nemari.
Vhiri
Ikozvino budiriro yaisazonzwisiswa pasina vhiri. Ichi chidenderedzwa chakaumbwa-chinamakanika chikamu chinotenderera chakatenderedza akabatana ndi yakakosha chikamu mune chero michina, mune yepasi mota uye muhari, kunyangwe maInca nemaAztec vakaita zvakanaka vasina ivo. Hwekutanga humbowo hwevhiri hwakawanikwa mune Sumerian pictogram, yakanyorwa kusvika 3500 BC. Kumwe kwekutanga kushandiswa kwakapihwa vhiri kwaive mukugadzira ngoro dzekudhonzwa nemombe, kutakura zvinhu kana vanhu kuwedzera kumatanda ekugadzira zvinhu zvedongo nekukasira uye nemazvo.
Gejo
Zvichipa kuwanda kwemvura muMesopotamia, kurima raive basa rakajairika. Kuedza kugadzira iro basa re bvisa ivhu usati wadyara mbeu, vanhu veMesopotamia neMesopotamiya budiriro vakagadzira uye vakakwanise gejo, vachifunga shanduko yesarudzo uye badza, iyo yakadhonzerwa nevanhu pakutanga asi gare gare yaive mhuka dzakadai semombe kana manyurusi, vaive nebasa rekudhonza. gejo.
Magejo acho aigadzirwa nematanda chete muchidimbu chimwe chine chimiro chakada kufanana neicho chazvino, asi kudzamara kusvika kwevaRoma, magejo haana kusanganisira mapfumo esimbi kuti akwanise kupinda zvakadzama pasi.
Simbi
Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti simbi yakaberekwa zviuru zvemakore apfuura, yaive muMesopotamia uko mhangura nemhangura nendarira zvakatanga kushandiswa kakawanda kugadzira ndarira. Ose mhangura nendarira zvaigara muMesopotamia kusvika iyo pakupedzisira ndarira yakapedzisira yakunda.
MuMesopotamia waigona kuwana mabasa matatu ane chekuita nesimbi: the qurqurru Akanga ari mutariri wekuwana simbi kubva kune zvicherwa. Iyo napahu kana simbi, inoona nezvekugadzira zvikamu zvesimbi nezvinhu zvakawanikwa kubva kune zvicherwa. Uye pakupedzisira tinowana chimiro che kutimmu mukutarisira kugadzira zvidimbu nesimbi dzinokosha.
Zvepabonde maitiro
Iyo sexageimal system ndiyo positional nhamba manhamba iyo inoshandisa iyo nhamba makumi matanhatu senge arithmetic base yayo, iyo inofambisa kuverenga uye nezvikamu. Nhamba makumi matanhatu ine mukana wekuva nevaperekedzi vazhinji: 60, 60, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15 uye 20). Iyo sexagesimal system inoshandiswa kuyera nguva nemakona.
Yekutanga kodhi yemitemo
Hammurabi aive mambo wechitanhatu weBhabhironi uye anozivikanwa nekugadzwa kwekodhi yemitemo mitsva: iyo kodhi yeHammurabi iyo yakave mumwe wemitemo yekutanga yakanyorwa munhoroondo. Kodhi yaHammurabi ine Mitemo mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemaviri yakanyorwa pamahwendefa gumi nemaviri akanyorwa muchiAkkadian kuti chero munhu anogona kuverenga averenge. Iyi mitemo yaipa chirango pakudarika kumwechete kwemutemo, zvirango zvakaomarara zvakanyanya senge mutongo werufu, ziso reziso, kushatiswa ...
Asi kusiyana nezvirango zvakaomarara, ndiyo yekutanga kodhi yemitemo yakapa mambo mukana wekupa humbowo hwekuratidza kana aive asina mhosva pane zvaaipomerwa. Asina mhosva kana mhosva, pakanga pasina nzvimbo yepakati. Dzimwe tsika dzeMesopotamiya dzakagadzira yavo pachavo makodhi emitemo senge UrNammu, Esnunna, Lipit-Istar kana Hiti.
Architecture
Sezvandataura pamusoro, kushayikwa kwenzvimbo dzine matombo, ibwe raive chinhu chisingawanzo, icho kumanikidzwa kushandisa matope, kukanya zvidhinha, kukwanisa kuvaka madziro makobvu asina kana kuvhurika, achiva asingagadzirike, anorema uye akaenzana zvivakwa. Matanda aive zvakare chinhu chisingawanzoitika mudunhu, saka naicho hachina kushandiswa pakuvaka futi. Kusununguka kwezvidhinha kwaigona kushandiswa muzvivakwa kwakabatsira kushandiswa kwechigadzirwa ichi mukugadzira tembere, dzimba dzemadzimambo, madziro nemakuva.
Icho chinhu hunhu hwakawanda hwetembere yeMesopotamia ndiyo Ziggurat, nhare yakareba nenhurikidzwa yakati wandei pamusoro payo inova nzvimbo tsvene. Kona yega yega yeshongwe yakanangana nemana makadhiinari uye nhurikidzwa dzakasiyana dzinowanikwa kuburikidza nematanho kana nematanho ari kumativi. Zvishandiso zvakaita semabhura, alabhasta, goridhe nemisidhari zvinoshandiswa kugadzira izvi zvivakwa.
Kudiridza
Kuve wakakomberedzwa nenzizi mbiri, kurima muMesopotamia yaive imwe yenzira huru dzekuwana zvekushandisa. Pamusoro tatove tataura kuti chimwe chezvipo zvetsika yazvino yeMesopotamiya yaive gejo rekubatsira kushanda mumunda. Asi pamusoro pegejo, kumwe kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwetsika iyi kwaive Kudiridza, kuri kuzivikanwa sekudiridzira, uko kunosanganisira ipai mvura inodiwa kuti chirimwa chiwane mvura yakakwana uye inodzorwa iyo inofarira kukura kwayo. Kune izvi, migero midiki yakavakwa kutakura mvura kubva murwizi kuenda kuminda.
Nyeredzi uye nyeredzi
Madzimambo eAsiriya akakomberedzwa nevapristi nevaporofita avo vakadudzira zviroto nemashura zvichibva pakuongorora nyeredzi. Aya madzimambo aigona kuudza vazivi venyeredzi mazuva akakodzera ekutanga mapurojekiti akakosha senge kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzinoera, kutanga hondo ... zvakare zvakanyatsojeka mune zvavanofungidzira.
Vashumiri vakaverenga urefu hwemazuva neusiku, kubuda nekubuda kwezuva, zvichidaro ivo vakakwanisa kugadzira karenda yekutanga, yatakataura nezvayo pamusoro, yekufanotaura nezvichaitika munguva yemberi. Kufungidzira kwacho kwaive kwakanangana nekumira kwemwedzi mudenga asi kunyanya panguva yekuonekwa kweyekutanga crescent pakutanga kwemwedzi wega wega. Uku kufungidzira hakuna kushandiswa kune vanhu asi kwakashandiswa kufanotaura ramangwana rezvirimwa, hondo kana denda.