Iyo nharaunda inozivikanwa nhasi seMiddle East, pakati penzizi dzeTigirisi neYufratesi, yakagara imwe yemagariro epamberi epanguva yayo: iyo budiriro Mesopotamiya.
Kutenda kwavari, isu parizvino tinogona kunakidzwa nhevedzano yezvinhu zvinotibvumidza kuti tiite mabasa edu nyore. Ngatizivei izvo iyo zvigadzirwa zvakakosha zveMesopotamia.
Kunyora kwecuneiform
Kusvika kumagumo echina chemireniyamu BC. C. vaSumeriya vakatanga kunyora mutauro wavo vachishandisa mapikicha, aive zviratidzo zvaimiririra mazwi nezvinhu. Kuma 2600 a. C. zviratidzo zvacho zvaive zvatosiyana nedhishu rekutanga, uye pakupera kwemireniyamu, zvanga zvasiyana.
Uku kunyora inoshandiswa pamahwendefa evhu akanyorova, kuburikidza neshinda yakaita semapundu yemapundu emuriwo, ndipo panobva zita. Yakagamuchirwa nemitauro yakati wandei, senge chiAkkadia, chiElamite kana chiHiti, uye chakasimudzirawo alphabets evaPersia neUgarit vekare.
Pakutanga, cuneiform yakanga isina kukodzera kunyora zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisike. Saka, akatanga kushandisa zvimwe zviratidzo zvine syllabic fonetiki kukosha. Sezvo nguva yakafamba, zvakadaro, syllabic corpus yakagadzirwa, iyo yaishandiswa kutsanangura aya asinganzwisisike mafungidziro ayo kare aisakwanisa. Pasina kupokana, kunyora kwecuneiform kwaive chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakagadzirwa zvetsika yeMesopotamiya.
Mari
Kunyangwe isu tichiwanzofunga kuti iyo mari chidimbu kana chidimbu chemazuvano, muchokwadi iwo ekutanga akadhindwa anobva muzana ramakore reVII-VI BC. C. uye zana ramakore rekutanga d. C.Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vanga vachibhadhara nemari yemakumi maviri emakore.
Vakasikwa kupi? Maererano nemunyori wenhoroondo weAmerica Will Durant, mambo weAsiria Sencheribhi akagadzira yekutanga. Mushure mezvo, iyo mari yakawedzera munyika dzese dzakasimukira.
Rueda, chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakagadzirwa
Chimwe chezvakakosha zvigadzirwa zveMesopotamia ivhiri. Inosanganisira denderedzwa yechimakanika chikamu chinotenderera pane akabatana. Zviri nyore kwazvo, asi zvinobatsira zvikuru. Uchapupu hweizvi ndidzo mota dzinotibvumidza kufamba makiromita kure, ngoro dzekutenga dzatinogona kuzadza zvizere tisina musana uchitambura nazvo, kana mabhasikoro nekutenda kwatinogona kunzwa mweya wakachena kumeso kwedu patinonwa chokunwa. kufamba kana kurovedza muviri.
Naizvo. Tinogona kuita zvese izvi nekutenda kuvagari veMesopotamia, vakazvigadzira zvakapoteredza 2500 BC C.
Mathematics uye iyo sexagesimal system
Budiriro yeSumerian yakakurumidza kuzvitsauranisa pachayo kubva kune vamwe nekuvandudzwa kwayo kwemasvomhu, zvese zviri musvomhu uye algebra. Ivo vemasvomhu venguva yacho vakagadzira iyo matafura ekuwedzera, kupatsanurana, mativi akaenzana y cubic, ndokutanga ku gadzirisa algebraic equations.
Vakagadzira a sexagesimal system, zvichibva panhamba 60, saka vakakwanisa kukamura denga kuita madhigirii mazana matatu, maawa kuita maminetsi makumi matanhatu, uye maminetsi kuita masekondi 360.
Nyeredzi
Kunyangwe nhasi ichionekwa senge pseudoscience, kune budiriro yeMesopotamiya yaive yakakosha. Vaifanira kuzvitenderedza mudenga, saka yakabatanidza dzimwe nyeredzi dzepedyo mumapoka. Nekudaro, vakagadzira nyeredzi dzekare, dzakadai saLeo, Taurus, Scorpio uye Capricorn.
Imwe nzira yakarongeka inotsanangurwa mumapiritsi eMul Apin, anotangira panguva dzeAsiriya, kutenderedza 1000 BC. C. Mavari nyeredzi uye mapoka enyeredzi akarongwa mumapoka matatu akanyatsotsanangurwa ane hukama navanamwari vatatu: Enlil, mwari wemhepo; Anu, mwari weKudenga; uye Ea, mwari wemvura nyowani.
Kuongorora nyeredzi
Kamwe pavakave nepfungwa dzekutanga dzekuongorora nyeredzi, vanogona kutanga kuzvinongedza zviri nani mudenga, zvekuti nekufamba kwenguva, vakatanga kudzidza nyeredzi, nezvinhu zvese zvekudenga zvinoonekwa kubva pasi.
Karenda, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvigadzirwa
MuMesopotamia, imwe yekutanga - vamwe vanofunga kuti yaive yekutanga - karenda rakagadzirwa, chakanangana negore 4000 a. C. Mwedzi iyi yaive nemavhiki mana emazuva manomwe, nemazuva maviri ekupedzisira emwedzi wega wega anga asiri munhoroondo.
Chikepe uye seiri
Kuve pakati penzizi mbiri, zvaive zvisingadzivisike kuti ivo vaida kukwanisa kuifambisa, vachitakura chikafu kana zvimwe zvinhu kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzedunhu nekukurumidza sezvazvinogona. Nekudaro, vakagadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvikepe zvemuti, izvo zvavakapa mazita, senge ngarava, yavaidaidza guffa.
Plough
Kuti uwane goho riri nani, zvakakosha kugadzirira ivhu kutanga. Neichi chikonzero, huswa hwesango huri kukura panguva iyoyo hunofanira kubviswa, uye mihoronga inofanira kuvhurwa kuti igone kudyara mbeu. Kana uine mhuka, senge mabhiza kana mombe, basa racho ndere zvakapusa uye hauneti zvakadaro.
Mu Mesopotamia gejo rakagadzirwa, makore akapoteredza 3500 BC C., nokudaro ichibvumira kurima kukura nekukurumidza, kutanga kuMiddle East, uyezve kune dzimwe nyika dzese.
Simbi
Munhu anga achishanda nemhangura kubva kuNeolithic Age, sezvo iri mamineral anowanikwa mune inenge yakachena mamiriro. Zvisinei, yakanga isiri pakati pechiuru chechitatu chemakore BC. C., muMesopotamia, uko simbi yakabudiriraSezvo nzira dzekutanga dzekugadzira uye kuwana simbi kubva kumaminerari esimbi dzakaonekwa.
Kuma 1200-1000 a. C., kushandiswa kwesimbi kwakabatanidzwa. Kunyangwe zvaive zvakaoma kwazvo kuwana uye mutengo wacho waive wakakwirira kwazvo, saka kushandiswa kwayo kwaingotenderwa kumunda wemauto.
Sezvauri kuona, Mesopotamia yaive budiriro yaive yakakwira kwazvo munguva yayo. Waizviziva here zvavo zvigadzirwa zvakakosha?