Ithebula lezikhathi ezithile

Ocingweni ithebula lesikhathi Siyazibona izakhi zamakhemikhali, ezi-oda ngenombolo yazo ye-athomu, nangokucushwa kwazo kwe-electron, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa izakhiwo zazo zamakhemikhali. Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi phambi kwethu kukhona ukuhlelwa ngendlela yetafula.

Yingakho singachaza ithebula lezikhathi njenge uhlobo lwesikimu esivumela ukuthi siqonde kangcono isici ngasinye, lapho ngifunda i-chemistry. Kepha kunokunye okuningi namuhla ozokuthola.

Liyini itafula lezinsuku futhi lenzelwe ini?

Impela ubusazi vele ukuthi uhlelo, lapho kuvela khona izinto zamakhemikhali. Kepha abekho ngengozi, kepha ukubekwa kwabo nedatha ethe ithebula isinikeza, kunenhloso. Le nhloso kuzoba ukwazi ukufana nakho konke okwehluka entweni ngayinye esemqoka. Konke lokhu, ukuze ukwazi ukukusebenzisa ngendlela ebonakalayo.

Izinto zisatshalaliswa zombili kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla futhi kusuka phezulu kuye phansi, kepha njalo kulandela ukuqhubekela phambili kokukhula kwazo izinombolo ze-athomu, okungukuthi, inani lama-proton. Imigqa evundlile ithebula lezikhathi lezinto elinayo ibizwa ngokuthi yizikhathi, kuyilapho amakholomu angu-18 amile abizwa ngamaqembu noma imindeni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ze-athomu, izakhiwo nezisindo

Kumele kushiwo ukuthi ezinye izakhi zazivele zaziwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Igolide, isiliva kanye nethusi noma i-mercury kwakuyizona eziyinhloko. Kepha empeleni, ukutholakala kokuqala kwesakhi samakhemikhali kwenzeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Kwakungenxa kaHenning Brand lapho athola khona i-phosphorus. Kakade ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ezinye ezifana ne-hydrogen noma i-oxygen zaziwa. Kwakunje U-Antoine Lavoisier wenza uhlu lwezinto ezilinganiselwa ku-33, ezazihlanganisa zaba ngamagesi, izinsimbi, okungezona izinsimbi kanye nomhlaba. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwakunguJohn Dalton owasungula umqondo omusha. Kwakumayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-athomu yamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwa uhlelo lwe iziqu zama-athomu ezihlobene. Yize uDalton encamela ukubabiza ngezisindo ze-athomu. Kamuva imibono yakhe nayo yaguqulwa, ngoba yayinamaphutha athile.

Ukwakheka kwetafula lezikhathi ezithile nezinto zalo

Ngemuva kwazo zonke izifundo nentuthuko, sinezinto eziyi-118 sezizonke. Sizobathola behlukaniswe ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi yimindeni noma yimindeni nezikhathi. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi uphawu ngalunye lufanekiselani?

Amaqembu noma imindeni

Yizinsika eziqonde mpo esingazibona etafuleni. Bangu-18 sebebonke, etafuleni sonke esaziyo namuhla futhi njengoba sibona babalwe ngokufanele. Izinto eziseqenjini ngalinye zinezici ezifanayo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali.

• Iqembu le-1: Kuyo sizohlangana ne- izinsimbi ze-alkali. Iqukethe izakhi ze-lithium (li), i-sodium (Na), i-potassium (K), i-rubidium (i-Rb), i-cesium (i-Cs), i-francium (i-Fr).
• Iqembu le-2: Kuleli qembu lesibili sizobona i- izinsimbi zomhlaba ezine-alikhali. Zinzima ukwedlula ezedlule nabaqhubi bakagesi abahle. Lapha sizothola i-beryllium (Be), i-magnesium (Mg), i-calcium (Ca), i-strontium (i-Sr), i-barium, (i-Ba) ne-radium (ra).
• Iqembu le-3: Umndeni wakwa-Escandio. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-scandium (Sc) ne-yttrium (Y). Yize zinempikiswano ngandlela thile, kufanele futhi sisho i-lanthanum (La) ne-actinium (Ac).
• Iqembu le-4: Yi titanium umndeni. Kuyo sithola i-titanium (ti), i-zirconium (i-Zr), i-hafnium (i-Hf) ne-rutherfordium (i-Rf).
• Iqembu le-5: Ngaphakathi kwe- umndeni wakwa vanadium, sizothola i-vanadium (V), i-niobium (Nb), i-tantalum (Ta), i-dubnium (i-Db).
• Iqembu le-6: Kuleli qembu sithola ifayela le- umndeni we-chrome. Lapho sizobona i-chromium (Cr), i-molybdenum (Mo), i-tungsten (W), i-seaborgium (Sg).
• Iqembu le-7: i-manganese (Mn), i-technetium (Tc) ne-rhenium (Re), zonke zingabomndeni wakwaManganese.
• Iqembu le-8: The umndeni wensimbi Iqukethe insimbi (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), Hassium (Hs).
• Iqembu le-9: Lapha sithola i-cobalt (Co), i-rhodium (i-Rh), i-Iridium (i-Ir), i-meitnerium (iMt).
• Iqembu le-10: Umndeni wakwaNickel wakhiwe nge-nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), darmstadtium (Ds).
• Iqembu le-11: Ithusi (Cu), isiliva (Ag) negolide (Au) kwaziwa njenge izinsimbi zokuhlanganisaYize kungesilo igama elamukelwa yiwo wonke umuntu.
• Iqembu le-12: IZinc (Zn), i-cadmium (Cd) ne-mercury (Hg).
• Iqembu le-13: Iqembu elibizwa nge-13 nalo lihambisana neqembu le-boron. Igama elivela emhlabeni, ngoba kulapho lapho zichichima khona kakhulu. Sithola i-boron (B), i-aluminium (Al), i-gallium (Ga), i-indium (i-In), i-thallium (Ti) ne-nihonium (nh).
• Iqembu le-14: Ku i-carbon noma i-carbonid group, sithola i-carbon (C), i-silicon (Si), i-germanium (i-Ge), i-tin (i-Sn), i-lead (i-Pb), i-phlerovium (i-FI).
• Iqembu le-15: Kulokhu sifika ku- iqembu le-nitrogen. Vele, siqala nge-nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) ne-muscovio (Mc).
• Iqembu le-16: Kuyaziwa njengeqembu lama-Amphigens, yize bengakwazi ukufihla isimo sabo njengomndeni womoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke sithola i-oxygen (O), isibabule (i-S), i-selenium (Se), i-tellurium (Te), i-polonium (i-Po), i-livermorio (Lv).
• Iqembu le-17: I ama-halogen abakuleli qembu. I-Fluorine (F), i-chlorine (i-CI), i-bromine (i-Br), i-iodine (i), i-astate (i-At), i-tenese (i-Ts).
• Iqembu le-18: Izingcingo Amagesi amahle Angamanye amaqembu ezakhi anezici ezifanayo kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kuthiwa zingamagesi angenambala futhi angenaphunga. Amagesi yi-helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), ne-organeson (Og).

Ukuze uqonde le nhlangano, kufanele ukwazi lokho ilungu ngalinye leqembu linezici ezifanayo kakhulu njengokucushwa kwazo kwe-elekthronikhi kanye ne-valence efanayo, okusho ukuthi, inani lama-electron abanalo kugobolondo lokugcina. Vele, lapho sibheka kusuka phezulu kuye phansi naseqenjini elifanayo, sizobona ukuthi i-radii ye-athomu yesakhi ngasinye esikwenzayo yanda kanjani.

Izikhathi

Uma manje sigxila ku imigqa evundlile eyakha ithebula lezikhathi ezithile, khona-ke kusiholela ekukhulumeni ngezikhathi. Ngokuya ngasikhathi sini into ngayinye ekuso, kuzokhombisa inani lamazinga wamandla we-athomu. Zihlelwe ngamazinga nama-sublevels, kepha njalo, izakhi zizoqhubeka nokuhlelwa ngokwenombolo yazo ye-athomu.

• Isikhathi 1: Esikhathini sokuqala sinezakhi zamakhemikhali ezimbili kuphela. I-Hydrogen ne-helium.
• Isikhathi 2: Kulokhu, inombolo ye-athomu inyuka kancane futhi sizothola ingqikithi yezinto eziyisishiyagalombili phakathi kwazo okuyi-lithium, i-boron, i-carbon noma i-nitrogen, phakathi kwezinye njengoba sibona emfanekisweni.
• Isikhathi 3: I-Sodium, i-magnesium, i-aluminium, i-silicon, i-phosphorus noma isulfure, kule nkathi.
• Isikhathi 4Umugqa wesine wethebula lezikhathi usuvele unezinto eziningi. Bangu-18 sebebonke labo abatholakala kuyo. Singasho kokubili i-potassium ne-calcium noma i-iron ne-zinc.
• Isikhathi 5Yebo, njengoba sesivele sazi, iyahambelana nomugqa wesihlanu wetafula lezinto. Futhi inenani eliphelele le-18.Lapha sizothola i-strontium noma i-palladium.
• Isikhathi 6: Ezinye izakhi eziyi-18 zisemgqeni okuthiwa wesithupha, noma inkathi 6. Ezinye zazo ziyi-cesium, i-tungsten noma i-mercury.
• Isikhathi 7: Izakhi ezinemisebe kakhulu nezingazinzile zitholakala kulesi sikhathi 7. Ama-Actinides nawo afakiwe.

Vimba ukuhlukaniswa

Ukwenza ukwahlukaniswa kwetafula lezakhi ze-block, i-orbital lapho kuhlala khona i-electron yokugcina.

• Vimba sIbhulokhi lihambisana namaqembu amabili okuqala, okungukuthi, amaqembu emhlabeni ane-alkaline ne-alkaline, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa i-helium ne-hydrogen.
• Vimba u-p: Ihambisana namaqembu ayisithupha edlule. Kuqukethe wonke ama-metalloids.
• Vimba dAmaqembu 3 kuya ku-12 azoba kuleli bhulokhi. Ungasho ukuthi izinsimbi zenguqu zikuyo.
• Vimba f: Yenziwe ngama-lanthanides nama-actinides.

Yini ukubaluleka kwetafula lezinto?

Njengoba sibonile, itafula lisikhombisa futhi lethula izakhi ngendlela elula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola izakhi, uma sikhuluma kahle, zimelwe wuphawu. Etafuleni elijwayelekile, siyabona ukuthi izibalo ezimbili zihambisana kanjani nalo. Omunye wabo uzobhekisa kunombolo yayo enkulu, okungukuthi, isamba samaphrotoni nama-neutron. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- inombolo ye-athomu (inani lama-proton), imvamisa ibekwa njengokubhaliselwe nangakwesobunxele sento. Ngakho konke lokhu, itafula liyithuluzi elihle lokufunda kwethu.

Ungalisebenzisa kanjani ithebula lezikhathi

 

Kwabaningi, ukubamba ithebula lezinsuku kungaphezu kwe-hieroglyph. Kungakho zonke izigaba zalo, izinombolo ngisho nemibala inencazelo. Kufanele wazi ukuthi ngasinye salezi zingxenye sikutshelani:

• Izimpawu: Uphawu yi ukumelwa kwento. Inonobumba abakhulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi ihambisana nezinye izinhlamvu ezincane, kuya ngecala.
• Ukuhlukaniswa: Njengoba sibonile phambilini, ukuhlukaniswa noma amaqembu lapho kuvela khona into ngayinye nakho kubalulekile.
• Inombolo ye-athomu: I-athomu ngayinye inenombolo ye-athomu. Lokhu kulingana ne- inani lama-proton ku-nucleus yalo. Le nombolo yehlukanisa into eyodwa kwenye. Imvamisa ibekwa ngaphambi kwento uqobo. Isibonelo, i-boron (B) inenombolo 5. Lena inombolo yayo ye-athomu. Inama-electron ama-5 azungeze i-nucleus nama-proton ama-5 ku-nucleus yayo.
• Ubunzima be-athomu: Ubukhulu be-athomu futhi buchazwa ngamayunithi (amu).
• Inani lama-proton: Inani lama-proton, wanoma iyiphi i-athomu, liyafana nenombolo yalo ye-athomu.
• Inani lama-neutron: Kulingana no isisindo se-athomu kususa inani lama-proton.
• Umbala wezakhi: Ikhombisa ukukhanya kwayo lapho sikhuluma ngezimo ezijwayelekile.
• Ivolumu ye-Atomic: Kuchazwa njengevolumu ehlala i-a imvukuzane yama-athomu kwento. 

Izakhi ezintsha zamakhemikhali etafuleni

 

Kubukeka sengathi lapho sesifunde itafula lezikhathi ezejwayelekile, kuvela izinto ezithile ezintsha. Ngokuqondile, zitholakala emgqeni wesikhombisa futhi kunezine okufanele wazi. Baqanjwa ngamagama alandelayo: I-Moscovio, i-Teneso, i-Nihonium ne-Oganesón. Kumele kuthiwe i-elementi Nihonium itholwe ososayensi abathile baseJapan kanti abanye bahlukene phakathi kweRussia ne-United States.