Impucuko yamaRoma yayingenye yezichume kakhulu. Basungula amaphephandaba, imigwaqo, imisele yamanzi, imengamo yamaRoma, futhi, omunye wemibhalo esasetshenziswa nanamuhla kwezinye izindawo: izinombolo zamaRoma. Kepha, Uyayazi imithetho yezinombolo zama-roman?
Impela usakhumbula amanye amakilasi abakunikeze wona esikoleni noma esikhungweni sesikole: salolo hlelo lwe Izimpawu zaseRoma ezisuselwa kuzinhlamvu hhayi izinombolo, njengoba kunjalo ngamanani wethu wedesimali. Ungathanda ukuthi sivuselele imithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma?
Imvelaphi yezimpawu zamaRoma
Izimpawu zamaRoma
Izinombolo zamaRoma zisuselwa ezinhlamvwini nasezimpawu zezinhlamvu zamaRoma, yize kumele kushiwo lokho ekuqaleni kwavela kubantu base-Etruria, ebesisebenzisa u-I, Λ, X, Ψ, 8 no-⊕ ukumela u-I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), no-M (1000). Futhi kuvela kuphi ukubalwa kwe-Etruria? Kubukeka sengathi yimivimbo, izinduku namathambo abelusi baseDalmatia nabase-Italiya abawasebenzisayo, bebheke eVII a. C.
Uhlelo lwezinombolo lwamaRoma luphawu olukhulu, ngoba ngokungafani nabanye, izimpawu zenani eliphakeme zibhalwa ngaphambi kwezimpawu zamanani aphansi. Ngalesi sizathu, ikwazile ukuvela yaze yazuza ukuthi uphawu lwenani elincane ngaphambi kokukhishwa okukhulu kunokuthi lungezwe. Isibonelo, inombolo ka-1999 isuke ku-M · DCCCC · LXXXX · VIIII yaya ku-M · CM · XC · IX, nayo okulula ukuyifunda.
Noma kunjalo, kuze kube yiNkathi Ephakathi zombili lezi zinhlelo zazisahlanganiswa.
Imithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma
Endulo, izinombolo zaseRoma kwesinye isikhathi zazibhalwa ngezinhlamvu ezincane, yize ezikhathini zanamuhla zibhalwa ngofeleba. Enye yezinto okufanele uyazi ukuthi ayikho incwadi ezomela u-0, ngoba alilona inani njengoba lingasho lutho. Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho, kuneminye imithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma okufanele uyazi, futhi yile elandelayo:
- Izinombolo zamaRoma ifundwa njalo kusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla, okungeyona inkinga kithina, ngoba izinhlelo zethu zokubhala nokufunda zifundwa ngokulandelana.
- Izinombolo zesiRoma I, X, C, no-M zingaphindaphindwa kuze kube kathathu lapho kubhalwa izinombolo eziyinhlanganisela zamaRoma.
- Izinombolo zamaRoma u-V, L no-D ngeke ziphindwe.
- Uma inombolo eyinhlanganisela yamaRoma inenombolo kwesokudla ngaphansi kwaleyo engakwesobunxele bobabili bayangezwa. Isibonelo: XI: inombolo engakwesokudla (I = 1) incane kunale engakwesobunxele (X = 10) bese bayangezwa, okungukuthi, XI = 11
- Uma inombolo eyinhlanganisela yamaRoma inenombolo kwesokudla enkulu kunale engakwesobunxele futhi lena kungu-I, X, noma u-C, khona-ke leyo evela kwesobunxele isuswa kwesokudla. Isibonelo: IX: inombolo engakwesokudla (X = 10) inkulu kunale engakwesobunxele (I = 1), futhi nami kubuye kube yimina, bese leyo engakwesobunxele isuswa kwesokudla, ukuthi is, IX = 9
Futhi yini i- imithetho yezinombolo zesi-roman ukumela izinkulungwane noma izigidi?
Izinhlamvu zamaRoma ezilodwa noma ezimbili zilula, akunjalo? Kepha amaRoma ayekwazi nokubala afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni, futhi ayenophawu lokumelela izigidi. Ngakho-ke yayiyini imithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma okwakumele ilandelwe ukuyibala?
Empeleni futhi kulula: empeleni, kwakwanele ukubeka umugqa encwadini, njengoba ubona kuleli thebula kusuka ku-Wikipedia:
| Izinombolo zaseRoma | I-Decimal | Ukuqokwa |
| V | 5000 | Izinkulungwane ezinhlanu |
| X | 10.000 | Izinkulungwane eziyishumi |
| L | 50.000 | Izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu |
| C | 100.000 | Amakhulu ayizinkulungwane |
| D | 500.000 | Izinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu |
| M | 1.000.000 | Isigidi esisodwa |
Njengoba ubona, Uma inombolo yesiRoma inodwi kuyo, khona-ke inani layo liphindaphindwa ngenkulungwane. Futhi ukukhombisa inani lezigidi eziyishumi, okwenziwe kwakuwukubeka umugqa ngaphezulu nenye ngezansi kwencwadi X.
Kepha amaRoma ayengabi nesistimu yedesimali kuphela yezinombolo eziphelele, futhi babene- uhlelo lwe-duodecimal ngezingxenyana. Uhlelo lwe-duodecimal lususelwa kweshumi nambili, okungukuthi, u-12 = 3 x 2 x 2, angenza ngawo izingxenyana ezivamile, ezingathulwa nsuku zonke, njenge-¼.
Izinhlamvu zemali eziningi ezazisetshenziswa osukwini lwakhe zikhombisa amachashazi, akhombisa u unci (ounce), okungukuthi, ingxenye yeshumi nambili. Ngamunye wabo amelwe izingxenyana ezingaba yishumi nambili nambili. Ukumela uhhafu, noma kunjalo, basebenzise uhlamvu S, kusuka ukuhlwanyela, okusho ngqo isigamu; futhi uma bedinga ukumela uphiko, babeka i-I.
Izinombolo zamaRoma
Imithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma ingaba nzima ekuqaleni, kepha-ke uyabona ukuthi kuyindaba yokubekezela futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuzijwayeza. Ezinye ze Izimpawu zamaRoma ezisifundisile ngezinsuku zethu zabafundi futhi ezisabonakala ezincwadini zokufunda namuhla yilezi:
- Mina = 1
- V=5
- I-LX = 60
- I-CDL = 450
- I-MMXVI = 2016
Futhi-ke, ngiyethemba le mithetho yezinombolo zamaRoma icacisa inkinga kancane :). Uma unemibuzo maqondana ne- izimpawu roman noma ngezinombolo zamaRoma, sishiyele amazwana ukuze sikusize.
Izici kanye nokufuna ukwazi kohlelo lwezinombolo zamaRoma
Kusobala ukuthi i- Uhlelo lwezinombolo lwamaRoma Yayisetshenziswa ngabantu ababephila ezikhathini zasendulo ze- UMbuso WaseRoma. Njengesici esiyinhloko sithola lokho kulolu hlelo lwamanani ezinye izinhlamvu zisetshenziswa njengezimpawu zezinombolo.
Kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi izinombolo zamaRoma ziyi- uhlelo lokubala izinombolo. Sisho ukuthini? Ngamanye amagama, banamashumi, amakhulu, izinkulungwane, njalonjalo.
Iqiniso elinqabile ukuthi akufanele lehluleke ukusho yilokho ayikho inombolo zero ukukhomba ukungabi khona kwezinto (le nombolo yayaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zaseBabiloni, kepha yethulwa kuphela njengenombolo eNdiya ngeminyaka yama-900 futhi yaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yama-Arabhu, yize kwaziwa ukuthi izindela zikaDionysius u-Exiguus noSanta UBede ngonyaka ka-525 no-725 wasebenzisa uphawu uN ukumela u-0, kepha lokhu akusetshenzisiwe namuhla).
Ngaphakathi kwezinombolo zamaRoma azikho izinombolo ezingezinhle futhi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi okwamanje asetshenziselwa i- faka inombolo kumavolumu ahlukene noma ezincwadini ze-encyclopedia (IVolumu I, Umqulu II), sibuye sizisebenzisele i- amagama aMakhosi, oPapa nezinye izibalo zesonto (uPapa Benedict XVI), ze izenzo nezigcawu ezivela emdlalweni iyasetshenziswa futhi (Act I, Scene 2).
Uhlelo lwezinombolo lwesiRoma lusetshenziswa namuhla ngenhloso ye- ukuqokwa kwengqungquthela, Ama-Olimpiki neminye imicimbi (II Congress of Medicine), siyisebenzisela i- ukubalwa kwamafilimu ehlukene esaga efanayo (Rocky, Rocky II, Rocky III nabanye), nabanye.