El isikwele se-punnett Alibi ithuluzi noma ngubani ovamile angalisebenzisa njalo empilweni yakhe, abe ngaphezu kwanoma yini ejwayelekile ye izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi zofuzo esetshenziselwa ukwenza ukubalwa kwezibalo ukubona ukuthi yini okungenzeka Inhlanganisela yama-alleles ingaveza i-gamete futhi ngale ndlela ukusiza ukubona ubukhulu enzalweni. Indlela esebenza ngayo, ukuze ichazwe ngendlela elula, yethulwa ngohlelo lapho ama-gametes ane-alleles yawo yomzali oyedwa ahlukaniswe ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi kolunye uhlangothi ama-gametes anezinsolo zomzali wesibili, okungukuthi, omama noyise. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukubona izinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene ezingadalwa kanye nobukhulu obuphethe.
Lo mdwebo unegama lomdali wawo, uReginald Crundall Punnett owazalwa ngo-1875 futhi owayengusosayensi wezakhi zofuzo waseBrithani, lo mdwebo ungumnikelo wakhe omkhulu kwezesayensi njengoba usasetshenziswa nanamuhla ukuqaphela ubukhulu be-genotype. kanye ne-phenotype, yize kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi kuphela okokuqala kwalaba ababili okuboniswayo.
Siyini isikwele sePunnett
Isikwele iPunnett ngumdwebo owadalwa nguReginald Punnett, yingakho igama layo. Kusetshenziswa kabanzi kwi-biology ukwazi wonke amathuba noma izinhlanganisela ezingakhiqizwa kwi-gamete, ukuze wazi eminye imininingwane ngenzalo.
Esikweleni sePunnett yonke inhlanganisela engaba khona izobonwa phakathi kwama-alleles aqavile (azobhalwa ngosonhlamvukazi abakhulu) nalawo aphindaphindwayo (avela ngamacala amancane). Ngale ndlela, amathuba ama-genotypes kepha hhayi ama-phenotypes azokwaziwa. Ngamanye amagama, singasho ukuthi kumayelana nokwazi eyodwa ye- izimiso eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Lokho wukuthi, ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo ezidluliswayo namathuba izingane ezinakho ukuzithola.
Kwenziwe kanjani?
Okokuqala kufanele udwebe isikwele esikhulu bese ngokulandelayo usihlukanisa sibe izingxenye ezine ezincane. Uma sinayo kufanele sisho amagama amabili esizowatadisha. Isibonelo, sizosebenzisa izinhlamvu ukuqamba ufuzo. Khumbula lokho okuhamba phambili kuzoba ngunhlamvukazi kanti okunye noma okubuyiselwayo kube ngosonhlamvukazi. Ungabhala uhlamvu olulodwa lwezinwele ezimnyama nolunye ngezinwele ezilula. Ngakho-ke, sizokwazi ukuthi yini amathuba okuthi izingane zizuze ifa lombala wezinwele owodwa noma omunye.
Umzali ngamunye unezakhi zofuzo ezimbili zalesi sici. Ngakho-ke, i-genotype yakho izokhonjwa ngezinhlamvu ezimbili. (Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kuzofanele sikuphenye ukuze sazi ukuthi ziyini)
- Uma unama-alleles amabili ahlukene: Ff
- Amakhophi amabili ama-alleles avelele: FF
- Amakhophi amabili ama-alleles aphelele: ff
Ngakho-ke, emgqeni wokuqala wetafula lethu, sizobeka i-genotype yomunye wabazali (F) kuthi emgqeni wesibili, i-allele yesibili (f). Kumakholamu, sizobeka izakhi zofuzo zomunye umzali. Manje kuzofanele senze uchungechunge lwamabhangqa ngohlamvu ngalunye. Lawa ngamathuba, ahlanganisa womabili umugqa nekholomu yawo. Esibonelweni, uzobona ngokucacile:
Ungawasusa kanjani ama-gametes kusikwele sePunnett
Njengoba sibonile, akuyona ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi okufanele kwenziwe. Isikwele sihlukaniswe saba ezinye izingxenye ezine. Ikholomu elime mpo nangakwesobunxele yilo elimele izakhi zofuzo zamageyimu wesilisa. Ngakho-ke, umugqa oqondile nongaphezulu uzoba ngowabesifazane.
Ngale ndlela, esesikubonile ukuthi kufanele senze izinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene. Imayelana nokuhlanganisa i-allele, yomzali, naleyo yomunye. Kuyindlela yokukwazi ukubona ukuthi yini yonke amathuba. Kepha yebo, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi kuhlala kumayelana nezinketho noma amathuba. Akusho ukuthi kuzoba kanjena ezizukulwaneni ezizayo noma enzalweni.
Ungawabala kanjani amathuba ezakhi zofuzo
Njengoba kunikezwe wonke la mathuba, singasho ukuthi kunezindlela ezine ezihlukene lapho ufuzo lwabazali lungahlanganiswa. Lezi ezine zinamathuba afanayo, okungukuthi, cishe angama-25% kulowo nalowo kuzo. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe omunye walawo makhulu owenzalo abe nezinwele ezimhlophe.
Yize kukhona nethuba elingu-50% lalokhu, ngoba indodana ingazuza njenge-BB genotype evelele. Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ukuthi kukhona omunye u-25% wezinwele omnyama ku-bb (recessive). Ngakho-ke, kusenamathuba amaningi ngezinwele ezimhlophe, ngoba yizo ezilawulayo lapho kuhlanganiswa womabili amafomu.
Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa zezikwele zePunnett:
