Okubizwa ngokuthi Izinkinga zeminyaka eyinkulungwane, ziyizinkinga eziyisikhombisa zezibalo. Vele, kulokhu, isinqumo sayo asikatholakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukwenzile, uzonikezwa isigidi ngasinye samadola. Ngakho-ke, konke kuyindaba yokuzama, uma ucabanga ukuthi ungakwenza.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi ngo-2006, enye yezinkinga zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa yaxazululwa. Ngakho-ke, kuyisikhuthazo esihle ukukwazi ukwenza abanye ukuthi bagcine sebekhethiwe. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi aqukethe ini?
Ziyini izinkinga zemileniyamu?
Njengoba sesivele sithuthukile, uma sikhuluma ngezinkinga zeminyaka eyinkulungwane, kufanele sikhulume nge a uchungechunge lokuqagela noma izitatimende zezibalo. Zonke zinobufakazi bokuthi ziyiqiniso ngokuphelele. Kodwa ubufakazi obuhambisanayo bezibalo abukaziwa. Yize sesivele sazi ukuthi omunye wabo ukufezekisile lokhu kukhonjiswa nokuthi manje sizobona. Njengeqiniso elibalulekile, kufanele kuthiwe kunezinkinga eziningi ezingaxazululiwe. Njengoba kungezona kuphela izinkinga zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane, kepha futhi nezinkinga zikaHilbert azixazululwa ngokuphelele. Noma kunjalo, sizohlala nabokuqala.
Ukuqagela kwePoincaré
Yiyo kuphela inkinga exazululiwe, kuze kube manje. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yiPoincaré Conjecture. Isazi sezibalo uGrigori Perelmán wasixazulula. Ngemuva kokuxazululwa kwayo kwaba umbono mayelana nomkhakha wezinhlangothi ezintathu. Uqhubeka athi isigaba esiyinxenye yesine yiso kuphela isihlanganisi esihlanganayo lapho yonke imibuthano evaliwe ingaguqulwa ibe yiphuzu. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka bekungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingaxazululiwe. Yize uPerelmán ememezele ukuthi uyixazulule ngo-2002, kwaze kwaba ngo-2006 lapho athola khona iMedals Medal, ayenqaba.
P kuqhathaniswa ne-NP
Ngokusobala, izibalo esizaziyo namuhla azinawo amandla okuhlukanisa P nezinkinga zohlobo lwe-NP. Ngoba ngalokhu, ama-algorithm ayinkimbinkimbi kuzodingeka ukuthi athuthukiswe. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuxazulula le nkinga, umuntu kuzodingeka anqume ukuthi ukufakwa phakathi kwezigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi (okungukuthi, isethi yezinkinga zesinqumo sobunzima obuhlobene) i-P ne-NP iqinile ngempela.
Ukuqagela kweHodge
Enye yezinkinga zezibalo ukucabanga kweHodge. Kulokhu, kusitshela ukuthi nge-projective algebraic manifolds, i- imijikelezo ye-hodge ziyinhlanganisela eqondile nenengqondo yemijikelezo ye-algebraic. Kungakho, kungashiwo ukuthi kuyinkinga ye-algebraic geometry. Kuwo, i-topology ye-algebraic yenkinga eyinkimbinkimbi, engeyona eyodwa ihlobene, kanye nama-submanifolds. Kepha futhi ukuthi lesi sihloko sengeza ukuthi amanye amaqembu we Ucwaningo lukaDe Rham ziyi-algebraic. Ngakho-ke, lezi yizibalo zePoincaré dualities. Manje kufanele nje ukufakazele!
Ukucabanga kukaRiemann
Le hypothesis isitshela ukuthi wonke amaqanda angabalulekile emsebenzini weRiemann Zeta anengxenye yangempela ye-½. Bekuyi eyaqala ukwenziwa ngo-1859 nguBernhard Riemann. Ngenxa yobudlelwano babo nokusatshalaliswa kwezinombolo eziyinhloko kusethi yezinombolo zemvelo, benza le mbono ibe ngenye yezinkinga zeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Yize abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi ingqikithi ilungile, kubukeka sengathi kukhona abasebenza ngezibalo abahlukile kulo mbono. Ngaleso sikhathi kwathiwa ixazululiwe, kepha iClay Institute iyaphika.
Ukuba khona kweYang-Mills kanye nokugxuma okukhulu
Uma siqala ensimini I-Yang-Mills Kumele kuthiwe yinsimu ebonakalayo esetshenziswa kumcabango wensimu ye-quantum. Lo mbono wasetshenziselwa ukuchaza i-chromodynamics ye-quantum, echaza ukwakheka kwama-proton nama-neutron. Ngokufanayo, nezinga lokuzinza kwe-nucleus ye-athomu. Inkinga ifika lapho kudingeka ukuchaza ukuthi isimo esiboshiwe sibonakala kanjani ukuthi sithole imisa.
Izibalo zeNavier-Stokes
Ukunyakaza koketshezi kanye namagesi kuchazwa yilokho okubizwa nge-Navier-Stokes equations. Zakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi nanamuhla, yonke imiphumela yazo ayaziwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokungahambisani nomugqa wezibalo zabo kanye nemibandela ehlanganisiwe. Kufanele uze nombono mayelana namandla we-fluid. Kungadingeka ukukhombisa ukuthi uma kunezimo ezithile zokuqala zoketshezi lwe-laminar, isixazululo sokugeleza naso sincane, kuzo zonke izikhathi zesikhathi.
Isiqu seBirch neSwinnerton-Dyer
Kulokhu, ingqikithi ye-Birch ne-Swinnerton-Dyer isebenza ngohlobo lwe-equation. Iphethe ukuchazwa kwamajika e-elliptical kulawo anengqondo. Kubukeka sengathi ukucabanga uqobo kusitshela ukuthi kunendlela yokwazi ukuthi ngabe lezi zibalo zinenani elingapheli noma mhlawumbe elingapheli lezixazululo ezinengqondo. Yabizwa ngo-1965 ngababili bezibalo baseNgilandi: uBryan Birch noPeter Swinnerton-Dyer. Isitatimende sokuqagela siphathelene nedatha ye-arithmetic ehlotshaniswa nejika le-arithmetic E ngaphezulu kwenkambu yenombolo, okungaba yiK.
Kuyinto Isikhungo sobumba esihlose ukukhulisa ulwazi lwezibalo, kanye nokwanda kwayo okukhulu. Ngaphezu kokuba nemisebenzi kanye namaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene, baphinde baduma ngokuxhasa izinkinga zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane noma lezi zinkinga zezibalo ezingekho lula ngokuphelele. Ezinye izinselelo ngenhloso ephindwe kabili: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isinqumo sokugcina sazo futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, umklomelo wezomnotho omnandi kakhulu abawunikezayo.