El isikwere sepunnett Ayisiyisixhobo esingasetyenziswa nanini na ngumntu oqhelekileyo ebomini babo, ingaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na into eqhelekileyo iingcali zebhayoloji kunye nemfuza esetyenziselwa ukwenza ukubala kwezibalo ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi ezinokwenzeka Ukudityaniswa kwee-alleles kunokuvelisa i-gamete kwaye ngale ndlela ukunceda ukuqaphela ubukhulu benzala. Indlela yayo yokusebenza, ukuba icaciswe ngendlela elula, ithiwe thaca kwisikimu apho ii-gametes ezinee-alleles zazo ezivela kumzali omnye zahlulwe kwicala elinye, nakwelinye i-axis ii-gametes ezinee-alleles ezivela kumzali wesibini, okt umama. nooyise. Oku kusetyenziselwa ukubona indibaniselwano eyahlukeneyo enokwenziwa kunye nobungakanani abaphetheyo.
Lo mzobo ubizwa ngegama lomdali wawo, uReginald Crundall Punnett owazalwa ngo-1875 nowayengumbhali wemfuzo waseBritane, lo mzobo uligalelo lakhe elikhulu kwezesayensi njengoko usasetyenziswa nanamhlanje ukuqaphela ubukhulu be-genotype. kunye ne-phenotype, nangona kufanelekile ukukhankanya ukuba kuphela eyokuqala kwezi zimbini ebonisiweyo.
Yintoni isikwere sePunnett
Isikwere sePunnett ngumzobo owawenziwe nguReginald Punnett, Kungoko igama layo. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-biology ukwazi onke amathuba okanye indibaniselwano enokuveliswa kwi-gamete, ukuze wazi ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nenzala.
Kwibala lasePunnett, yonke indibaniselwano enokubakho iya kuqatshelwa phakathi kwee-aleles eziphambili (eziza kubhalwa ngoonobumba abakhulu) kunye neziphindaphindayo (ezibonakala zincinci) Ngale ndlela, amathuba e-genotypes kodwa hayi ama-phenotypes aya kwaziwa. Ngamanye amagama, sinokuthi imalunga nokwazi enye ye imigaqo esisiseko yemfuza. Oko kukuthi, ukujonga iintlobo zemfuza ezihanjiswayo kunye namathuba abantwana abanokuwafumana.
Kwenziwa njani?
Kuqala kufuneka uzobe isikwere esikhulu kwaye emva koko uwahlule ube ngamacandelo amane amancinci. Xa sinayo kufuneka sichaze ii-alleles ezimbini esiza kuzifunda. Umzekelo, siya kusebenzisa oonobumba ukubiza igama lofuzo. Khumbula ukuba oonobumba abaphambili iya kuba ngunobumba omkhulu omnye okanye u-recessive, unobumba omncinci. Ungabhala ileta enye yeenwele ezimnyama kunye nezinye ngeenwele ezikhanyayo. Ke, siya kwazi ukuba ngawaphi amathuba okuba abantwana badle ilifa umbala omnye okanye omnye weenwele.
Umzali ngamnye uneemfuza ezimbini zolu phawu. Ke, i-genotype yakho iya kuchongwa ngoonobumba ababini. (Kuyinyani ukuba kuya kufuneka siyiphande ukuze sizazi ukuba ziyintoni na)
- Ukuba une-alleles ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: Ff
- Iikopi ezimbini ze-alleles eziphambili: FF
- Iikopi ezimbini ze-alleles eziqinisekileyo: ff
Ke, kumqolo wokuqala wetafile yethu, siza kubeka i-genotype yomnye wabazali (F) kwaye kumqolo wesibini, i-allele yesibini (f). Kwiikholamu, siya kubeka ii-genotypes zomnye umzali. Ngoku kuya kufuneka senze uthotho lwezibini ngonobumba ngamnye. Ezi zizinto ezinokwenzeka, ukujoyina zombini umqolo kunye nekholamu yayo. Kumzekelo, uya kuyibona ngokucacileyo:
Ungayisusa njani iigetet kwisikwere sePunnett
Njengoko sele sibonile, ayisiyongxaki yokulandelelana ukuyenza. Isikwere sahlulwe sangamacandelo amane. Ikholamu ethe nkqo neyasekhohlo iya kuba ngulo ubonakalisa ii-genotypes zeegetet zamadoda. Ke, umgca othe tye kwaye ophezulu uya kuba ngowasetyhini.
Ngale ndlela, esele sibonile kukuba kufuneka senze iindibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo. Imalunga nokudibanisa i-allele, yomzali, kunye nenye. Yindlela yokukwazi ukubona ukuba zonke zinokwenzeka. Kodwa ewe, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ihlala ikhetha malunga nokukhetha okanye amathuba. Ayithethi ukuba iya kuba njalo kwizizukulwana ezizayo okanye kwinzala.
Ukubala ubungakanani bemfuza
Ngenxa yazo zonke ezi zinto zinokwenzeka, sinokuthi zine iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho ufuzo lwabazali lunokudityaniswa. Ezi zine zinamathuba afanayo, oko kukuthi, malunga ne-25% kuyo nganye. Ke ngoko, mhlawumbi elinye lala makhulu lelokuba inzala yakhe ibe neenwele ezimhlophe.
Nangona kukho ithuba lama-50% loku, kuba umntwana angalifumana njengelona hlobo lubalaseleyo lwe-BB. Ungalibali ukuba kwakhona kukho enye i-25% yeenwele ezimnyama kwi-bb (recessive). Ke ngoko, maninzi amathuba okunweba kweenwele ezi-blonde, kuba zezazo ezilawulayo xa kudityaniswa zombini ezi fom.
Nayi imizekelo embalwa yezikwere zePunnett:
