Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sase-Italiya, uGalileo Galilei, waya eRoma ngo-1611 ukuya bonisa inkundla yepapa iteleskopu yokuqala yeenkwenkweziUlwahlulo awayelwakhe ngokwakhe kwaye lwalunokwandisa ngokubanzi umbono woluntu wendalo iphela.
Nangona kunjalo, iCawe yayingenamdla kwinkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi, ngokuchaseneyo, kuba zazityhila okuninzi koko yayikushumayela. Kwaye ke kwaboniswa ngo-1616, nini Inkqubo yeCopernicus yatyholwa ngokuba iyingozi elukholweni Kwaye noGalileo wabizwa naseRoma ukuba alunyukiswe ukuba angazikhuseli okanye azifundise.
Ngomnyaka we-1632, uGalileo wapapasha umsebenzi oxhasa inkqubo yeCopernican- eyayigcina ukuba uMhlaba ujikeleze iLanga hayi ngolunye uhlobo - ngokuchasene noPtolemy, owayemele inguquko kwingcinga yenzululwazi nefilosofi. Kuba wayesele elumkisiwe yiCawa ukuba aphume kwimfundiso kaCopernicus, UGalileo wabizelwa eRoma ukuze azame ukuxoxwa yiNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba arhoxe kuzo zonke iinkolelo kunye nemibhalo yakhe.
Emva kwetyala, uGalileo wagwetywa ukuba aye kuhlala eSiena, nangona kamva wavunyelwa ukuba aye kuhlala eArcetri, kufutshane neFlorence. Ngaphandle kwesimo sakhe esibuthathaka, kwanobumfama awabuvayo kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi uqhubeke ekhangela inyani yezenzululwazi kwade kwayimini yokufa kwakhe, kwi-1642.