Alithandabuzeki elokuba impucuko yaseMesopotamiya inegalelo ngokukodwa kwinkcubeko yehlabathi. Ke ngoko, apha ngezantsi siza kuvavanya yonke iminikelo ebalulekileyo yabantu baseMesopotamiya.
Impucuko yaseMesopotamiya
Ngaphambi kokungena ngokupheleleyo kunye nenkcubeko yaseMesopotamiya, siza kwenza isishwankathelo ngokukhawuleza sezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimpucuko yaseMesopotamiya.
IMesopotamiya ithetha ngesiGrike Phakathi kwemilambo yenza ireferensi ecacileyo kwindawo yayo phakathi kweTigris kunye nemilambo i-Ewufrathe, ngoku ehambelana nomda we-Iraq kunye nomntla mpuma weSyria. Enkosi ngobuninzi bamanzi ngelo xesha kwimilambo ejikeleze lommandla, Ngokutsho kweBhayibhile, kwakukho iParadesi ngenxa yobutyebi bendalo obabubonisayo.
Yahlulahlulwa yaba yiAsiriya neBhabheli. Ngaphakathi eBhabheli sifumana iAcadia kunye neSumeria. Imimandla nganye yavela ngokwahlukileyo, ekugqibeleni ihlaselwe kwaye kamva ilawulwe ngamaPersi. Inkcubeko yaseMesopotamiya ibingomnye woovulindlela kumasebe amaninzi olwazi oluphuhlisa ukubhala, imithetho yokuqala kwicandelo lomthetho, ikhalenda yeenyanga ezili-12 kunye neentsuku ezingama-360, ivili, imali, inkqubo yeposi, izixhobo ezibalulekileyo...
Inkcubeko yaseMesopotamiya
Ukubhala
Ukudalwa kokubhala kubangelwa ngamaSumeriya malunga ne-3.100 BC, ekubeni iyimvelaphi yokubhala yohlobo lwepictographic, kamva kudlulela kwi-idiogram ngenxa yobunzima bokuzoba iikhonsepthi abafuna ukuzimela. Idiogram yenza ukutolikwa kwemizobo kube lula.
Ngexesha Iidigrafu zanikezela ngemiqondiso ngemilo okanye ngezikhonkwane ezimele izandi. Le nkqubo yokwenza lula ibangelwe kukuba iMesopotamiya ibingengomhlaba otyebileyo kwiindawo ezinamatye, ke ngoko bekukho ukunqongophala kwamatye kodwa yayityebile ngodongwe, eyathi kamva yabangela isitena. Ukubhalwa kwe-cuneiform kwenziwa kudongwe, xa lwalusemanzi, ukuze kamva lome kwaye lutshise ngezinye izitena, kusenziwa imibhalo ebanzi.
Ikhalenda
Ikhalenda yaseMesopotamiya yayiyenye yeekhalenda zokuqala zobuntu. Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zaseSumeriya zaba zezokuqala ukulawula ikhalenda yamandulo. Iinyanga zahlulwe zaziiveki ezine zeentsuku ezisixhenxe inye, ngokwamanqanaba enyanga, zishiya iintsuku ezimbini zokugqibela zenyanga nganye, kungoko ke inyanga eneenyanga ezili-12 kunye neentsuku ezingama-360.
Iintsuku zeveki zathiywa ngegama la Inyanga, iLanga kunye neeplanethi ezintlanu ezazisaziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngabaseSumeri: iMars, iMercury, iJupiter, iVenus kunye neSaturn. La magama avele kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo ngendlela efanayo.
Imali
Ngaphambi kokuvela kwengqekembe, Ukurhweba yayiyinkqubo esetyenziswa ngabantu ukutshintsha iimveliso ngesandla, apho umntu atshintshisa ngento angayifuniyo kwenye into ngaphandle kokuba uyayifuna. Ukurhweba kwagcinwa ixesha elide kodwa ukukhula kwemisebenzi yorhwebo kwabonisa ukuba le nkqubo ayisebenzi kwaye yiyo loo nto ukuzalwa kwemali.
Kwimpucuko yaseMesopotamiya baqala ukusebenzisa njengempahla ephakathi yokutshintshiselana imivalo yegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, isinyithi kunye nobhedu, kodwa ezimbini zokuqala zazinezibonelelo ngaphezulu kwezinye ngenxa yokunqaba kwazo okwazenza ukuba zibaluleke ngakumbi. Kancinci kancinci iingqekembe zokuqala zaqala ukubonakala zenza lula ukuqokelelwa kweerhafu ngokutshintsha iinkomo, ingqolowa ... neengqekembe.
Isondo
Impucuko yangoku ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kwevili. Esi siqwenga somatshini esimilo setyhula kwaye esijikeleza ngokungqonge i-axis ngu icandelo elisisiseko nakowuphi na umatshini, kwizithuthi zomhlaba nakwizinto zodongwe, nangona iiInca kunye neeAztec zilawule kakuhle ngaphandle kwazo. Ubungqina bokuqala bevili bufunyenwe kwipiktogram ye-Sumerian, yomhla we-3500 BC. Enye yezinto zokuqala ezanikezelwa kwivili yayikukwenziwa kweenqwelo zokutsala ezirhuqwe ziinkomo, ukuhambisa izinto ezithengiswayo okanye abantu ukongeza kwimixokelelwane yokwenza izinto zesiramikhi ngesantya esiphezulu nangokuchaneka.
Ikhuba
Ngenxa yobuninzi bamanzi eMesopotamiya, ezolimo yayingumsebenzi oqhelekileyo. Ukuzama ukwenza umsebenzi we susa umhlaba ngaphambi kokuhlwayela imbewu, abantu baseMesopotamiya kunye nempucuko yaseMesopotamiya baqulunqa kwaye bagqibezela ikhuba, bejonga ukuvela kwepiki kunye negaba, elatsalwa ngabantu ekuqaleni kodwa kamva yayizilwanyana ezinje ngeenkomo okanye iimeyile, ababephethe ukutsala ikhuba.
Amakhuba ayenziwe ngomthi ngokupheleleyo kwisiqwenga esinye esimilo esifana ncam nesi sangoku, kodwa kwade kwafika amaRoma, amakhuba engabandakanyi iincakuba zentsimbi ukuze zikwazi ukungena nzulu emhlabeni.
Ukunyibilikisa isinyithi
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba isinyithi sazalwa kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakuseMesopotamiya apho ubhedu nobhedu kunye nobhedu baqala ukusetyenziswa rhoqo ukwenza ubhedu. Zombini ubhedu kunye nobhedu zazikho eMesopotamiya de ekugqibeleni ubhedu lwaphela.
EMesopotamiya unokufumana imisebenzi emithathu enxulumene nesinyithi: i qurqurru Wayephethe ukufumana isinyithi kwizimbiwa. Inkqubo ye- naphahu okanye isinyibilikisi, ophetheyo ekwenzeni izinto zentsimbi kunye nezinto ezifunyenwe kwizimbiwa. Kwaye ekugqibeleni sifumana inani le- ukuba ophetheyo ukwenza iziqwenga ngeesinyithi ezixabisekileyo.
Inkqubo yesini
Inkqubo yesini yinkqubo yokubala yenombolo esebenzisa inombolo engama-60 njengesiseko sayo se-arithmetic, esenza ukuba kubalwe ngamaqhezu. Inani lama-60 linethuba lokuba nabahlukanisi abaninzi: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 no-60). Inkqubo yesini isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amaxesha kunye neeengile.
Ikhowudi yokuqala yemithetho
UHammurabi wayengukumkani wesithandathu waseBhabheli kwaye waziwa ngokumisela ikhowudi yemithetho emitsha: ikhowudi yeHammurabi eyaba ngomnye wemithetho yokuqala ebhaliweyo embalini. Ikhowudi kaHammurabi iqulethe Imithetho engama-282 ebhalwe kumacwecwe alishumi elinambini abhalwe ngesi-Akkad ukuze kufundwe nawuphina umntu ofundileyo. Le mithetho ibinikela isohlwayo kukwaphula umthetho ngamnye, ukohlwaya ngokuqinisekileyo kunzima kakhulu njengesohlwayo sokufa, iliso ngeliso, ukonakala ...
Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nokohlwaywa ngokuqatha, yayiyikhowudi yokuqala yemithetho enika inkosi ithuba lokubonelela ngobungqina bokungqina ukuba wayengenatyala na kwityholo awayetyholwa ngalo. Umsulwa okanye unetyala, kwakungekho ndawo iphakathi. Ezinye iinkcubeko zaseMesopotamiya zenze ezazo iikhowudi zemithetho efana ne-UrNammu, Esnunna, Lipit-Istar okanye yamaHeti.
I-Architecture
Njengoko bendiphawulile ngasentla, ukunqongophala kwendawo enamatye, ilitye yinto yorhwebo enqabileyo, ethi ngenkani ukusebenzisa udaka, ukwenza izitena, ukubanakho ukwakha iindonga ezishinyeneyo kungabikho nakuphi na ukuvuleka, zibe zezinganyangekiyo, ezinobunzima kunye nezakhiwo ezifanayo. Umthi wawuyinto yorhwebo enqabileyo kulo mmandla, ngoko ke wawungasetyenziselwa nolwakhiwo. Ubulula bezitena obunokusetyenziswa kulwakhiwo buququzelele ukusetyenziswa kwale mveliso ekwenziweni kweetempile, amabhotwe, iindonga namangcwaba.
Isixhobo Olona phawu lukhulu lweetempile zaseMesopotamiya yiZiggurat, inqaba yesikwere enemigangatho emininzi emigangatho ephezulu engcwele yayo. Ikona nganye yenqaba ijolise kumanqaku amane eekhadinali kwaye imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ifikeleleka kwiitampu okanye kwizinyuko ezibekwe emacaleni. Izinto ezifana nemabhile, ialabhasta, igolide kunye nemisedare zisetyenziselwa ukwenza ezi zakhiwo.
Unkcenkceshelo
Ukujikelezwa yimilambo emibini, ezolimo eMesopotamiya yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokufumana izinto. Ngasentla sele siphawule ukuba elinye lamagalelo enkcubeko yangoku yaseMesopotamiya yayilima lokuncedisa ukusebenza ebaleni. Kodwa ngaphandle kwekhuba, enye inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kule nkcubeko yayiyinkcenkceshelo, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkcenkceshelo, equlethwe nikezela ngamanzi ayimfuneko kwisityalo ukuze sifumane ubonelelo lwamanzi olwaneleyo nolulawulwayo oko kuthanda ukukhula kwabo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kwakhiwa imijelo emincinci yokuhambisa amanzi emlanjeni ukuya emasimini.
Ukufundwa kweenkwenkwezi kunye neenkwenkwezi
Ookumkani baseAsiriya baberhangqwe ngababingeleli nabavumisi babetolika namaphupha ngokusekwe ekuqwalaselweni kweenkwenkwezi. Aba kumkani banokuxelela abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi imihla efanelekileyo yokuqala iiprojekthi ezinje ngokwakhiwa kweendawo ezingcwele, ukuqala iimfazwe ...
Ababingeleli babala ubude beentsuku nobusuku, ukuphuma nokutshona kwelanga, ngaloo ndlela bakwazi ukwenza ikhalenda yokuqala, esithethe ngayo ngasentla, esinokuthi sichaze ngayo ukusithwa kwelanga kwangaphambili. Uqikelelo lwalusekwe kwimeko yenyanga esibhakabhakeni kodwa ngakumbi ngexesha lokuvela kwecrescent yokuqala ekuqaleni kwenyanga nganye. Olu qikelelo aluzange lusetyenziswe kubantu ngabanye kodwa lwalusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ikamva lezityalo, iimfazwe okanye ubhubhane.