Periodic tafura

Mukufona tafura ye periodic Isu tinogona kuona izvo zvemakemikari zvinhu, izvo zvinorairwa nenhamba yazvo yeatomiki, pamwe nekugadzika kwavo kwema electron, pasina kukanganwa yavo yemakemikari zvivakwa. Zvese izvi zvinoreva kuti tine pamberi pedu gadziriro muchimiro chetafura.

Ndokusaka tichigona kutsanangura tafura ye periodic se mhando yechirongwa chinotibvumidza kuti tinzwisise zvirinani chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu, paunenge uchidzidza kemisitiri. Asi pane zvimwe zvakawanda izvo nhasi zvauri kuzowana.

Ndeipi tafura ye periodic uye ndeyei?

Chokwadi iwe waitoziva kuti chirongwa, panowanikwa zvinhu zvemakemikari. Asi ivo havapo nemukana, asi kuiswa kwavo uye iyo data iyo yakati tafura inotipa, ine chinangwa. Ichi chinangwa chichava chekuziva zvese kufanana uye zvese zvinopesana nechimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvikuru. Zvese izvi, kuti ndikwanise kuzvishandisa nenzira inoshanda.

Zvinhu zvacho zvinogoverwa zvese kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi uye kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, asi zvinogara zvichiteedzera kuwedzera kuri kwavo nhamba dzeatomu, ndiko kuti, nhamba yemapurotoni. Iyo mitsara yakatwasuka iyo iyo periodic tafura yezvinhu iinayo inodaidzwa kunzi nguva, nepo gumi nemaviri akamira makoramu anonzi mapoka kana mhuri.

Kubudirira kwezvinhu zveatomiki, zvivakwa uye zviyereso

Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti zvimwe zvezvinhu zvacho zvaitozivikanwa munguva dzekare. Ndarama, sirivheri pamwe chete nemhangura kana mercury ndiyo yainyanya kukosha. Asi chaizvo, kuwanikwa kwekutanga kwemakemikari chinhu kwakaitika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Yakanga iri yekutenda kuna Henning Brand iyo yaakawana phosphorus. Nechekare muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mamwe akadai sehydrogen kana oxygen akazozivikanwa. Zvakanga zvakaita seizvi Antoine Lavoisier akanyora runyorwa rwezvinhu zvingangosvika makumi matatu nematatu, izvo zvakavaronga kuva magasi, simbi, zvisiri-simbi, uye ivhu. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, aive John Dalton akatanga zano idzva. Yakanga iri pamusoro pekuumbwa kwekemikari atomism, nokudaro kuvaka hurongwa hwe hama dzine atomiki. Kunyangwe Dalton aifarira kuvadaidza kuti mahuremu emaatomu. Gare gare mazano ake akagadziridzwawo, nekuti aive nezvimwe zvisirizvo.

Maumbirwo etafura ye periodic uye zvinhu zvacho

Mushure mezvose zvidzidzo uye kufambira mberi, isu tine zvikamu zana nemakumi masere nesere zvezvinhu. Tichavawana vakakamurwa kuita anonzi mapoka kana mhuri uye nguva. Iwe unoda here kuziva icho chimwe nechimwe chinomiririra?

Mapoka kana mhuri

Iwo ndiwo akamira akamira atinogona kuona mutafura. Iwo ese gumi nesere, mutafura yatinoziva tese nhasi uye sekuona kwedu ivo vakaverengerwa zvakafanira. Izvo zvinhu zviri muboka rega zvine zvakafanana muviri uye makemikari zvivakwa.

• 1 Group: Mariri tichasangana ne alkali simbi. Iyo inoumbwa neyezvinhu lithiamu (li), sodium (Na), potasium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), francium (Fr).
• 2 Group: Muboka iri rechipiri tichaona iyo alkaline pasi simbi. Izvo zvakaoma kudarika zvakapfuura uye akanaka magetsi ma conductor. Pano tichawana beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium, (Ba) uye radium (ra).
• 3 Group: Escandio mhuri. Pakati pavo pane scandium (Sc) uye yttrium (Y). Kunyangwe paine dzimwe nharo, isu tinofanirwa zvakare kutaura lanthanum (La) uye actinium (Ac).
• 4 Group: Ndiyo titanium mhuri. Mariri tinowana titanium (ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf) uye rutherfordium (Rf).
• 5 Group: Mukati me vanadium mhuri, tiri kutsvaga vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), dubnium (Db).
• 6 Group: Muboka iri tinowana iyo chrome mhuri. Ikoko tichaona chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), seaborgium (Sg).
• 7 Group: manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc) uye rhenium (Re), ese ari emhuri yeManganese.
• 8 Group: The mhuri yesimbi Iyo inoumbwa nesimbi (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), Hassium (Hs).
• 9 Group: Pano tinowana cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), Iridium (Ir), meitnerium (Mt).
• 10 Group: Mhuri yeNickel yakaumbwa nenickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinamu (Pt), darmstadtium (Ds).
• 11 Group: Mhangura (Cu), sirivheri (Ag) uye goridhe (Au) zvinozivikanwa se kugadzira simbi, kunyange hachisi izwi rinogamuchirwa nemunhu wese.
• 12 Group: Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) uye mercury (Hg).
• 13 Group: Rinonzi boka re13 rinoenderanawo neboka reboron. Iro zita rinouya kubva pasi, nekuti ndipo pavari zvakanyanya kuwanda. Isu tinowana boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Ti) uye nihonium (nh).
• 14 Group: At kabhoni kana kabhoni kaboka, tinowana kabhoni (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), phlerovium (FI).
• 15 Group: Mune ino kesi tinosvika pa senitrogen boka. Ehe, isu tinotanga ne nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) uye muscovio (Mc).
• 16 Group: Inozivikanwa seboka reAmphigen, kunyangwe ivo vasingakwanise kuvanza chimiro chavo semhuri yeoksijeni. Saka tinowana oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), livermorio (Lv).
• 17 Group: The halogen vari muboka iri. Fluorine (F), chlorine (CI), bromine (Br), ayodini (I), astate (At), tenese (Ts).
• 18 Group: Kufona Magasi akanaka Iwo mamwe emapoka ezvinhu zvine zvakafanana zvinhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, anonzi haana magasi asina ruvara uye asina hwema. Iwo magasi ari helium (Iye), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), uye organeson (Og).

Kuti unzwisise sangano iri, unofanirwa kuziva izvozvo imwe neimwe yenhengo dzeboka ine zvakafanana maitiro sekugadziriswa kwavo kwemagetsi uye imwechete valence, ndiko kuti, nhamba yemasikironi avanayo muganda rekupedzisira. Ehezve, patinotarisa kubva kumusoro kusvika kuzasi uye muboka rimwe chete, tichaona kuti maatomu radii echimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvinoita kuti awedzere.

Nguva

Kana isu ikozvino tarisa pane iyo mitsara yakatwasuka inoumba tafura ye periodic, saka zvinotitungamira kuti titaure nezvenguva. Zvichienderana nenguva iyo chinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri chenguva, zvinoratidzira huwandu hwesimba reatomu. Iwo akarongeka nematanho uye sublevels asi nguva dzose, zvinhu zvinoramba zvichirongeka zvinoenderana nenhamba yemaatomu.

• Nguva 1: Munguva yekutanga tinongova nezvinhu zviviri zvemakemikari. Hydrogen uye helium.
• Nguva 2: Mune ino kesi, iyo nhamba yeatomu inowedzera zvishoma uye isu tichawana huwandu hwesere hwezvinhu pakati payo iri lithiamu, boron, kabhoni kana nitrogen, pakati pevamwe, sezvatinoona mumufananidzo.
• Nguva 3: Sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus kana sarufa, zviri munguva ino.
• Nguva 4Mutsara wechina wetafura ye periodic unotova nezvimwe zvinhu. Hwerengedzo ye18 ichave avo vari mariri. Tinogona kutaura zvese potasium uye calcium kana simbi uye zinc.
• Nguva 5Zvakanaka, sekuziva kwedu, zvinoenderana nemutsara wechishanu wetafura yezvinhu. Iyo zvakare ine yakazara ye18. Pano tichawana strontium kana palladium.
• Nguva 6: Zvimwe zvikamu gumi neshanu zviri mune unonzi mutsara wechitanhatu, kana nhambo 18. Mamwe acho ari cesium, tungsten kana mercury.
• Nguva 7: Zvinhu zvine mwaranzi zvakanyanya uye zvisina kugadzikana zvinowanikwa mune ino nguva. Actinides inosanganisirwa.

Bvisa chikamu

Kuti uite kupatsanurwa kwetafura yezvivharo zvezvinhu, iyo orbital umo maekitironi ekupedzisira anogara achifungidzirwa.

• Bvisa s: Iyo s block inoenderana nemapoka maviri ekutanga, kureva, epasi alkaline uye alkaline epasi mapoka, pasina kukanganwa helium uye hydrogen.
• Bvisa p: Inoenderana nemapoka matanhatu ekupedzisira. Inosanganisira ese esimbi.
• Bvisa d: Mapoka 3 kusvika 12 angave ari munzvimbo ino. Iwe unogona kutaura kuti simbi dzekushandura dzirimo.
• Bvisa f: Iyo inoumbwa ne lanthanides uye actinides.

Chii chakakosha kukosha kwetafura yezvinhu?

Sezvataona, tafura inotiratidza uye inopa zvinhu nenzira yakapusa. Kune rimwe divi, tinowana izvo zvinhu, tichitaura nemazvo, zvinomiririrwa nemucherechedzo. Mune tafura yakajairika, tinogona kuona kuti manhamba maviri chete anoiperekedza sei. Imwe yacho ichataura kune yayo yakawanda nhamba, ndokuti, huwandu hwema proton uye neutron. Kune rimwe divi, iyo nhamba yeatomu (nhamba yemapurotoni), inowanzoiswa sekunyorera uye kuruboshwe kwechinhu. Nezvose izvi, tafura chishandiso chakanakira kudzidza kwedu.

Mashandisiro ekushandisa iyo periodic tafura

 

Kune vakawanda, kubata tafura ye periodic inopfuura hieroglyph. Ndokusaka ese akapatsanurwa, nhamba uye kunyange mavara ane zvarinoreva. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva izvo chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinokuudza iwe:

• Zviratidzo: Chiratidzo ndicho mumiriri wechinhu. Iine tsamba yepamusoro uye dzimwe nguva inoperekedzwa nemamwe mavara madiki, zvinoenderana nenyaya yacho.
• Kurongwa: Sezvataona kare, kupatsanurwa kana mapoka panowanikwa chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvakakoshawo.
• Atomic nhamba: Atomu yega yega ine nhamba yeatomu. Izvi zvakaenzana ne nhamba yemapurotoni mune yayo nucleus. Iyi nhamba inosiyanisa chinhu chimwe kubva pane chimwe. Inowanzoiswa pamberi pechinhu pachacho. Semuenzaniso, boron (B) ine nhamba 5. Iyi ndiyo nhamba yemaatomu. Iyo ine mashanu maerekitironi akakomberedza iyo nucleus uye mashanu ma proton mune yayo nucleus.
• Atomic mashoma: Ndihwo uremu hweatomu uye hunoratidzwa muzvikamu (amu).
• Nhamba yemapurotoni: Huwandu hwema proton e chero maatomu akafanana nenhamba yemaatomu.
• Nhamba yenyuturoni: Zvakaenzana ne mass atomic kubvisa iyo nhamba yemapurotoni.
• Ruvara rwezvinhu: Inoratidza kuratidzwa kwayo kwechiedza patinotaura nezve zvakajairwa mamiriro.
• Atomic vhoriyamu: Inotsanangurwa senge vhoriyamu inogarwa ne mole yematomu yechinhu. 

Zvitsva zvemakemikari mune tafura

 

Zvinotaridza sekunge isu patakange takafunda yakajairika periodic tafura, zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva zvinowoneka. Kunyanya, iwo ari mumutsara wechinomwe uye pane mana aunofanirwa kuziva. Ivo vakatumidzwa mazita e: Moscovio, Teneso, Nihonium naOganesón. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti chinhu Nihonium chakawanikwa nemamwe masayendisiti eJapan uye mamwe akapatsanurwa pakati peRussia neUnited States.