Shakka babu wayewar Mesopotamiya ta ba da gudummawa ga al'adun duniya ta wata hanya ta daban. Sabili da haka, a ƙasa zamu sake nazarin duk mahimman gudummawar mutanen Mesopotamia.
Wayewar Mesofotamiya
Kafin mu shiga cikakke tare da al'adun Mesopotamia, zamu gabatar da takaitaccen bayani game da mafi kyawun halayen wayewar Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia yana nufin a cikin Girkanci Tsakanin koguna yin bayani karara game da inda yake tsakanin kogin Tigris da Euphrates, wanda a yanzu ya dace da yankin Iraki da arewa maso gabashin Siriya. Godiya ga yawan ruwa a wancan lokacin daga kogunan da suka kewaye yankin, In ji Baibul, akwai Aljanna saboda dumbin dukiyar da ta bayar.
An raba shi zuwa Assuriya da Babila. A cikin Babila mun sami Acadia da Sumeria. Kowane yanki ya samo asali daban, zuwa karshe a mamaye kuma daga baya ya mamaye Farisawa. Al'adar Mesopotamia tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara jagoranci a bangarori da dama na bunkasa rubuce-rubuce, dokoki na farko a fannin shari'a, kalandar wata 12 da kwanaki 360, dabaran, kudin, tsarin gidan waya, muhimmanci ƙirƙirãwa...
Al'adar Mesopotamia
Rubutu
Kirkirar rubuce-rubuce an danganta shi ne ga mutanen Sumeriya a kusan 3.100 BC, kasancewar asalin rubutun hoto, daga baya ya wuce zuwa salon magana saboda wahalar zana tunanin da suke son wakilta. Abun gumakan ya sauƙaƙa fassarar zane.
Tare da lokaci maganganu marasa kyau sun ba da alamu tare da siffa ko siffofin ƙusa waɗanda suke wakiltar sauti. Wannan aikin sauƙaƙawar ya faru ne saboda kasancewar Mesopotamiya ba ƙasa ce mai wadatar ƙasa mai duwatsu ba, don haka akwai ƙarancin duwatsu amma tana da wadatar yumbu, wanda daga baya ya haifar da tubali. Rubutun cuneiform an yi shi ne a kan yumbu, lokacin da yake danshi, don daga baya a bar shi ya bushe sannan a hura shi da wasu bulo, tare da samar da rubuce-rubuce masu fadi.
Kalanda
Kalandar Mesopotamia yana daga cikin kalandar farko ta bil'adama. Masanan taurari na Sumer sune farkon wanda ya tsara kalandar tsoho. An raba watannin zuwa makonni hudu na kwana bakwai kowannensu, gwargwadon tsarin watan, ya bar kwanaki biyun karshe na kowane wata ya fita, saboda haka watannin 12, kalandar kwana 360.
An sanya ranakun mako a bayan la Wata, Rana da taurari biyar da har zuwa yanzu aka sansu ta Sumerians: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus da Saturn. Waɗannan sunaye sun samo asali ne cikin yarukan daban daban ta yadda ya dace.
Kuɗi
Kafin bayyanar kudin, canzawa shine tsarin da mutane suke amfani dashi don canza kayayyaki daga hannu zuwa hannu, wanda mutum ya musanya abin da ba ya buƙatar wani abu dabam idan yana buƙata. Barter ya kasance na tsawon lokaci amma haɓakar kasuwancin kasuwanci ya nuna cewa wannan tsarin ba shi da amfani kuma saboda haka haihuwar kuɗin.
A cikin wayewar Mesopotamia sun fara amfani da shi azaman matsakaiciyar kayayyaki don musaya sanduna na zinariya, da azurfa, da tagulla, da baƙin ƙarfe da tagulla, amma na biyun farko suna da fa'ida akan saura saboda ƙarancinsu, wanda ya sa suka zama masu ƙima. Kadan kadan, tsabar kudi ta farko ta fara bayyana don saukake tarin haraji ta hanyar maye gurbin shanu, alkama ... da tsabar kudi.
Motar
Ba za a fahimci wayewar yanzu ba tare da dabaran ba. Wannan yanki na madauwari kuma mai juyawa kusa da axis shine muhimmin abu a cikin kowane inji, a cikin motocin ƙasa da tukwane, kodayake Incas da Aztec sun sami kyakkyawan aiki ba tare da su ba. An samo shaidar farko ta motar a cikin hoton hoton Sumerian, wanda aka yi kwanan wata zuwa 3500 BC. Ofayan amfani da aka fara yi wa motar shine cikin kera kekunan da aka zana, don jigilar kayayyaki ko mutane, da kuma lathes don yin abubuwa yumbu da sauri da daidaito.
Garma
Ganin ɗumbin ruwa a cikin Mesopotamiya, aikin gona ya zama aikin gama gari. Don ƙoƙarin yin aikin cire ƙasa kafin a shuka iri, mutanen Mesopotamia da wayewar Mesopotamia sun kirkiri kuma sun gyara garma, sunyi la’akari da juyin halitta na karba da fartanya, wanda mutane suka ja a farkon amma daga baya dabbobi kamar su shanu ko alfadarai, wadanda ke da alhakin jan garmar.
Plows ɗin an yi su ne da itace gaba ɗaya a yanki ɗaya tare da sura mai kama da ta yanzu, amma har zuwa lokacin da Romawa suka shigo, garmaho ba ya haɗa da ruwan ƙarfe don iya zurfafawa cikin ƙasa.
Karafa
Kodayake gaskiya ne cewa an haife ƙarfe ne dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata, a cikin Mesopotamiya ne inda aka fara amfani da tagulla da tagulla da tagulla don yin tagulla. Dukansu tagulla da tagulla sun kasance tare a cikin Mesofotamiya har zuwa a ƙarshe tagulla ya ƙare.
A cikin Mesopotamiya za ku iya samu sana'o'i uku masu alaƙa da ƙarfe: da kurkura Shi ne mai kula da karɓar karafan daga ma'adinan. Ya nafahu ko mai narkewa, mai kula da kera sassan ƙarfe tare da kayan da aka samo daga ma'adinan. Kuma a ƙarshe mun sami adadi na kutimmu mai kula da hada guda da karafa masu daraja.
Tsarin jima'i
Tsarin saduwa mafi dacewa shine tsarin lambobi masu matsayi wanda yake amfani da lamba 60 azaman asalin lissafinsa, wanda ke sauƙaƙe lissafi tare da ɓangarori. Lambar 60 tana da fa'idar samun masu rarrabuwa da yawa: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 da 60). Tsarin jima'i amfani da shi don auna lokuta da kusurwa.
Lambar doka ta farko
Hammurabi shi ne sarki na shida na Babila kuma an fi saninsa da gabatar da sabon lambar doka: lambar Hammurabi wacce ta zama ɗayan rubutattun dokoki na farko a tarihi. Lambar Hammurabi ta ƙunsa Dokoki 282 da aka rubuta akan alluna goma sha biyu waɗanda aka rubuta cikin Akkadian don kowane mai karatu ya karanta. Waɗannan dokokin sun ba da horo ga kowane ƙetare doka, azabtarwa hakika sun fi tsananin ƙarfi kamar hukuncin kisa, ido don ido, nakasa ...
Amma sabanin hukunci mai tsauri, ita ce ka’idar doka ta farko da ta ba wa sarki damar gabatar da shaidu don nuna ko bai da laifi daga abin da aka zarge shi da shi. Mara laifi ko mai laifi, babu tsakiyar ƙasa. Sauran al'adun Mesopotamia sun kirkiro nasu ka'idoji na dokoki kamar UrNammu, Esnunna, Lipit-Istar ko Hittite.
Gine-gine
Kamar yadda nayi tsokaci a sama, rashin m duwatsu, dutsen abu ne mai wahala, wanda tilasta yin amfani da laka, yin tubali, don iya gina katangun masu kauri tare da wahalar kowane buɗaɗɗu, zama mai juriya, nauyi da gine-gine iri ɗaya. Itace kuma ta kasance wani abu ne mai matukar wuya a yankin, don haka shi ma ba'a amfani dashi don gini. Sauƙin da za a yi amfani da tubali wurin gini ya sauƙaƙa yin amfani da wannan samfurin don ƙera gidajen ibada, fadoji, bango da kaburbura.
A kashi mafi halayyar tempos na Mesopotamia shine Ziggurat, hasumiyar murabba'i mai faɗi tare da hawa hawa da yawa a sama wanda yake mafaka. Kowane kusurwar hasumiyar yana fuskantar ne zuwa wuraren da ke da kadin guda huɗu kuma ana samun hawa daban-daban ta hanyar rami ko ta matakala da ke gefen. Ana amfani da abubuwa kamar marmara, alabaster, zinariya da itacen al'ul don yin waɗannan gine-ginen.
Ban ruwa
Kasancewar koguna biyu sun kewaye shi, aikin gona a cikin Mesopotamiya yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samowa. A sama mun riga munyi sharhi cewa ɗayan gudummawar al'adun Mesopotamia na yanzu shine garma don taimakawa aiki a cikin filin. Amma ban da garma, wani muhimmin ci gaban wannan al'ada shi ne Ban ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da ban ruwa, wanda ya kunshi samar da ruwan da ake buƙata don amfanin gona ya sami wadataccen ruwa mai sarrafawa wanda ke son ci gaban su. Don wannan, an gina ƙananan hanyoyi don ɗaukar ruwa daga kogi zuwa gonaki.
Astrology da ilimin taurari
Firistoci da matsafa sun kewaye sarakunan Assuriyawa waɗanda sun fassara mafarkai da al'adu dangane da nazarin taurari. Waɗannan sarakunan za su iya gaya wa masu ilimin taurari ranakun da suka dace su fara muhimman ayyuka kamar su ginin wurare masu tsarki, fara yaƙe-yaƙe ... kuma daidai yake a cikin hasashensu.
Firistocin sun lissafa tsawon kwanaki da dare, fitowar rana da faduwar rana, don haka sun sami damar ƙirƙirar kalandar farko, wanda muka yi magana akansa a sama, wanda da shi ake hasashen kusufin da zai zo nan gaba. Hasashen ya ta'allaka ne da matsayin wata a sararin samaniya amma musamman yayin bayyanar jinjirin farko a farkon kowane wata. Ba a yi amfani da waɗannan tsinkayen ga mutane ba amma an yi amfani da su don hango makomar amfanin gona, yaƙe-yaƙe ko annoba.